The Peculiarities of Oxygen Ionic Conductivity in Nanogranular Ceramics

1 The Peculiarities of Oxygen Ionic Conductivity in Nanogranular Ceramics 

It is known, that the influence of a surface is the main reason of nanomaterial anomalous properties. The surface energy is related to surface tension s, that for spherical nanoparticle of radius R can be written in the form [60] 

3 Theoretical Description of Primary Nanoferroics. Comparison of the Theory. 

Subsequently we consider densely packed nanoparticles as nanogranular ceramics model, where every grain (particle) is subjected to mechanical pressure. 

This additional energy can decrease the barrier for diffusion in one direction and increase it for diffusion in opposite direction. Therefore, the outcome flow can be represented as a difference between these oppositely directed flows [145] 

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