The gradient or slope

The instantaneous rate of reaction at any time is equal to the gradient or slope of the graph at that time. The rate will either be positive or negative, depending on whether the y-axis shows the concentration of a product or a reactant. 

Figure 6.26 Concentration-time graph for the formation of a product. The rate of formation of product at time t is the gradient (or slope) of the curve at this point... 

Take a look at Fig. 48.7. This should give you an idea of some of the variations of fluid flow behavior. The gradients or slopes of these lines or curves are variable within the identified flow regime. It is whether or not the curves pass through "the origin" and the general shap>e of the curve that defines the type of behavior. 

The line has a gradient or slope equal to m and an intercept (i.e. meets the y-axis) at a distance c from the origin (0,0). It should be noted that if a graph is plotted which does not actually include the origin then the value of c is no longer equal to the intercept and adjustment must then be made in its calculation to take account of the shift in origin necessary to include the point (0,0). 

Design of Overhead Piping. In designing such piping structures, the clearance and gradient or slope are primary considerations. The head-room required over railroad tracks usually is 20 ft and may need to be more to accommodate locomotive crane.s. Plant roadways and power lines also require headroom consideration. Overhead piping should be... 

If the energy gradient or slope from Step 9 exceeds the physical contour of the terrain where the launder is to be installed, reiterate assuming a slower flow. 

An unknown mixture can be screened on a set of orthogonal systems as a first step in the method development procedure. The chromatographic and/or electrophoretic system, on which the best separation was achieved, can then be retained for further method optimization. Sequentially, the pH and the organic modifier composition of the mobile phase can be adjusted to improve the separation on the CS. If necessary, also the temperature can be modified, while for gradient methods the gradient slope can be considered. For CE methods, the optimization steps will be different from RP chromatography methods. Other factors will be optimized depending on the type of CE method, e.g., CZE and MEKC. However, for the development of CE methods, we would like to refer to Chapter 4 of this book. 

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