The gated integrator

The experimental set-up for femtosecond hyper-Rayleigh scattering is in essence identical to the one for the nanosecond experiments.9 Only the gated integrators for the nanosecond measurements are replaced by a chopper and a phase-sensitive detector in the high-frequency femtosecond experiment. 

The increase in throughput is, however, only achieved at the expense of resolution. Figure 14.11 shows the change in resolution with count rate for the two systems. At low count rate, DSP has worse resolution than the gated integrator but the change in resolution, as count rate... 

Hz repetition rate of the lasers and is usually sampled with a gated integrator, whose output is reeorded with a laboratory eomputer. Analogue, rather than digital, eleetronies is usually employed beeause of pile-up of the deteeted photon eounts in an experiment with reasonable produet intensities. 

There are two major types of power switches used today the bipolar power transistor (BJT) and the power MOSFET. The IGBT (integrated gate bipolar transistor) is used in the higher power industrial applications, such as 1 kW power supplies and electronic motor drives. The IBGT has a slower turn-off than does the MOSFET, so it is typically used for switching frequencies of less than 20 kHz. 

The dynamic method sees airflow as a result of the effect of differential pressure on the jet in the gate aperture. Dynamic methods do consider the law of conservation of the impulse in the isolated circuit. According to the type of isolation of the circuit, dynamic methods are divided into methods that determine the trajectory of the jet " and methods that determine the integral flow rate of air through the aperture. This method, due to consideration of... 

Step-Processes Used to Fabricate Gates in the CMOS Integrated Circuit... 

For the simple TG scheme with only two time-gates, the optimum gate-width amounts to 2.5 t. Consequently, the total integration time per pulse amounts to 5 t and approximately 99% of all photons in the decay are detected. The detected fraction decreases when an offset is applied between the laser pulse and the opening of... 

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