Tenside ligands

Hydrolysis of activated esters of a-amino acids or acetylcholine analogs catalysed by Cu or Zn modified with the tenside ligands 118,119 and 120 (Table... 

The surfactant phosphines containing poly(ethyleneoxide) 31, sulfonate 47, amine 34 (with R7R2/R3 = H/H/—CH2—N[(CH2)2—NEt2]2, sulfate 36, and phospho-nate 37 moieties were used as tenside ligands to modify Rh catalysts for the hydroformylation of higher alkenes such as 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, and 1-dode-cene in aqueous/organic two-phase systems [58, 62-65],... 

The most severe dra wback in homogeneous catalysis is the separation of the catalyst from the reaction mixture. The industrial success of the aqueous two-phase hydroformylation ofpropene to n-butanal [1] in Ruhrchemie AG in 1984 represents the considerable progress in this field. However, aqueous/organic biphasic catalysis has its limitations when the water solubility of the starting materials proves too low, as in hydroformylation of higher olefins (see Chapter 1). To solve this issue, a variety of approaches have been attempted. Additions of co-solvents [2] or surfactants [3, 4] to the system or application of tenside ligands [5, 6] and amphiphilic phosphines [7, 8] are ways to increase the reaction rates. Other approaches such as fluorous biphase system (FBS see Chapter 4) [9], supported aqueous phase catalysis (SAPC see Section 2.6) [10], supercritical CO2 (cf. Chapter 6) [11] and ionic liquids (cf Chapter 5) [12] have also been introduced to deal with this problem. 

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