Technique, electrochemical chemical relaxation

Carotenoid radical intermediates generated electrochemically, chemically, and photochemically in solutions, on oxide surfaces, and in mesoporous materials have been studied by a variety of advanced EPR techniques such as pulsed EPR, ESEEM, ENDOR, HYSCORE, and a multifrequency high-held EPR combined with EPR spin trapping and DFT calculations. EPR spectroscopy is a powerful tool to characterize carotenoid radicals to resolve -anisotropy (HF-EPR), anisotropic coupling constants due to a-protons (CW, pulsed ENDOR, HYSCORE), to determine distances between carotenoid radical and electron acceptor site (ESEEM, relaxation enhancement). 

Since the slow solid-state diffusion of Lb in the bulk of carbon may control the rate-determining step of the intercalation process and consequently affect the power density of Li -ion batteries, the chemical diffusion coefficient of Lb (Dy ) becomes a very key kinetic parameter. Several electrochemical relaxation techniques such as... 

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