Systematic samphng

Activation analysis is a blank-free technique. In general, blanks not oiJy determine the limits of detection, but at low concentrations they cause the main problems with respect to accuracy, because the small amounts to be determined have to be conveyed through all the steps of the chemical procedures, from sampHng to detection, without introducing systematic errors. These problems are not encountered in activation analysis, because contamination by other radionucHdes can, in general, be excluded and losses of the radionuclides to be determined can easily be detected by activity measurements. 

Systematic random samphng is practiced if, when r observations per worker are to be taken during a day of t min duration, a time is selected at random during the first t/r min of the day. Subsequent observations are made at intervals of exactly t/r min. 

Systematic sampling Starting from a randomly selected point, sampling follows a strict predefined sampling grid In comparison with random samphng, easier to implement in practice spatial contamination patterns may be overlooked... 

Establishing and implementing techniques, which involve risk analysis, cost, cost-benefit analysis, work samphng, loss rate and similar methodologies, for periodic and systematic evaluation of hazard control and hazard control program effectiveness. 

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