System in physical chemistry

Nonetheless, the topological and stoichiometric analysis of metabolic networks is probably the most powerful computational approach to large-scale metabolic networks that is currently available. Stoichiometric analysis draws upon extensive work on the structure of complex reaction systems in physical chemistry in the 1970s and 1980s [59], and can be considered as one of the few theoretically mature areas of Systems Biology. While the variety and amount of applications of stoichiometric analysis prohibit any comprehensive summary, we briefly address some essential aspects in the following. 

G. Nicolis, in Stochastic Nonlinear Systems in Physics, Chemistry and Biology, eds L. Arnolds and R. Lefever (Springer, Berlin, 1981) p. 44. 

The majority of systems in physics, chemistry, and biology consist of open, irreversible processes. Besides equilibrium states, stationary states are also of great interest. In stationary states, the flows of mass and energy between a system and its environment do not change with time, allowing technological processes to be carried out on a continuous basis. 

W. Horsthemke and R. Lefever, Phys. Lett., 64A, 19 (1977) R. Lefever, in Stochastic, Nonlinear Systems in Physics, Chemistry anil Biology, L. Arnold and R. Lefever, eds., Springer, Berlin, 1981, p. 127 W. Horsthemke, ibid., p. 116. 

P. Hobza and R. Zahradnik, in Intermolecular Complexes The Role of van der Waals Systems in Physical Chemistry and in the Biodisciplines. Studies in Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Vol. 52. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988. 

The vitality of the QSCP network, which has reached international status, has survived the termination of European sponsorship. We expect bright future ahead, perhaps with the extended scope Quantum Systems in Physics, Chemistry. .. and Biology . 

Hobza P, Zahradnik R (1988) Intermolecular complexes The role of van der Watils systems in physical chemistry and in the biodisciplines. Elsevier, New York... 

Hobza, R, and Zahradnik, R. (1988). Intermolecular Complexes— The Role of Van der Waals systems in Physical Chemistry and Biodisciplines, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Oxidation Systems. In Physical Chemistry of Aqueous Systems Meeting the Needs of Industry, H. J. White J. V. Sengers D. B. Neumann and J. C. Bellows, Ed. Begell House New York, pp 638-643. 

Lyklema, J. Interfacial thermodynamics with special reference to biological systems, in Physical Chemistry of Biological Interfaces, A. Baszkin and W. Norde (eds.). Marcel Dekker, New York, Chapter 1, 2000. 

Stanley, D.W. Yada, R.Y. Physical consequences of thermal reactions in food protein systems. In Physical Chemistry of Foods, Schwartzberg, H.G. Hartel, R.W., Eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, 1992 pp 669-733. 

K. Binder in Stochastic nonlinear systems in physics, chemistry and... 

---