Synthesis of chromophores

Three different chromophoric procedures may be used. The first two depend on the synthesis of chromophoric substrates. The third utilizes an independent probe that can be applied to a wide range of substrates. 

Diversity-oriented Synthesis of Chromophores by Combinatorial Strategies and Multi-component Reactions"... 

It is important to point out that this synthetic route has been optimized for the incorporation of ethidium as an artificial DNA base and therefore cannot simply be transferred for the preparation of other chromophores as DNA base surrogates. This makes it clear that this type of DNA-chromophore modification represents the most time-consuming one and much synthetic research effort needs to be invested in order to obtain a reliable synthetic procedure for the routine synthesis of chromophore-modified DNA. 

Lown and Sondhi were interested in the synthesis of chromophores of the anthracydine antibiotics in which the quinone ring c was replaced by a y-pyrone. The y-pyrone ting was prepared by an oxidative cyclization mediated by DDQ, presumably proceeding via the quinone (Scheme 27). 

Muller TJJ (2007) Diversity-oriented synthesis of chromophores by combinatorial strategies and multi-component reactions. In Muller TJJ, Bunz UHF (eds) Functional organic materials. Syntheses, strategies, and applications. Wiley-VCH GmbH KGaA, Weinheim, pp 179-223... 

S.R. Marder, B. Kippelen, A.K.Y. Jen, N. Peyghambarian, Design and Synthesis of Chromophores and Polymers for Electro-Optic and Photorefractive Applications , Nature, 388, 845 (1997)... 

Multifunctional materials will play an important role in the development of Photonics Technology. This paper describes novel multifunctional polymeric composites for applications in both active and passive photonic components. On the molecular level, we have introduced multifunctionality by design and synthesis of chromophores which by themselves exhibit more than one functionality. At the bulk level, we have introduced the concept of a multiphasic nanostructured composites where phase separation is controlled in the nanometer range to produce optically transparent bulk in which each domain produces a specific photonic function. Results are presented from the studies of up-converted two-photon lasing, two-photon confocal microscopy, optical power limiting, photorefractivity and optical channel waveguides to illustrate the application of the multifunctional optical composites. 

Tuncer H, Erk Q (2006) The synthesis of chromophore ended glycoles. Part IV. Bis-coumarin derivatives ended polyglycols. J Heterocycl Chem 43 1135-1139... 

The methods reported by Yu et al. [120-122] and Miller et al. [124,125] involve synthesis of an NLO chromophore containing a diamine compound and then a polymerization between the diamine monomer and a dianhydride monomer. All the methods include a tedious procedure for the synthesis of chromophore-containing diamine chromophores. Moreover, that only a few chromophores can survive the relatively harsh chemical conditions of the monomer synthesis and the imidization of the polymer, severely limits the application of the methods. Recently, a two-step approach for the synthesis of NLO side-chain polyimides was developed by Chen et al. [126]. The first step was to prepare a hydroxy-containing polyimide, followed by formation of a covalent bond between the chromophore and the backbone of the polyimide through a post-Mitsunobu reaction (Scheme 11). This is a facile, generally applicable method, and a large variety of polyimides with different... 

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