Synthesis by the Thermodynamic Approach

One approach that has been employed to favor synthesis over hydrolysis involves running the reaction in the presence of very high concentrations (typically molar) of 

Crout has recently shown that this approach can provide good (up to 61%) yields if the reaction is performed at an elevated temperature (50 °C) and time is spent in determining the optimum water activity to be used for the enzyme under study [17]. This can be achieved either by directly adjusting the alcohol/water ratio or by varying the concentration of a co-solvent. This approach can therefore provide useful syntheses of simple glycosides as starting materials for chemical or enzymatic synthesis. 

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