Swelling and shrinkage

Maximum swelling concentrations of different alkalies depend on the degree of hydration of the alkali ion [9, 10]. Table 9.1 contains data of different kinds of 

Effect of Alkali Metal Hydroxides on the Swelling of Cotton Fibre [11] 

The influence of alkali concentration and temperature of treatment on swelling 

Though 8% NaOH (by wt.) solutions give maximum swelling, commercially mercerization is done at higher concentration of about 31 to 35% which indicates that swelling is not the only determining factor. This is because of preferential 

Two broad explanations are possible for the interaction of cellulose and caustic soda. For the first one, it is assumed that cellulose combines with caustic soda to form alkali-cellulose and swelling is due to the molecular attraction with associated 

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The built-in and operation stresses are the consequences of the large swelling and shrinkage of the ionomer membrane when it uptakes and loses water. This is frequently referred to as dimensional instability in the literature. Water in the PFSA membrane is an essential ingredient of its proton conduction behavior. Water affects the morphology13,14 of the ionic clusters (at nanoscale) which... 

The moisture content of the paper has a strong effect on the folding endurance test. The swelling and shrinkage which accompany adsorption and desorption of water vapor cause shifting and rearrangement of... 

Harvest Period. Wang reported also (2) that bamboo should be harvested from late summer to mid-autumn because the natural moisture content of the bamboo is lowest then. Since the bamboo has not absorbed additional moisture from the ground, the swelling and shrinkage characteristics in the bamboo culm are at a minimum. 

Swelling and shrinkage, which may prevent solvent changes... 

It follows that the gain or loss of water or other liquids or vapors into or out of wood tissue can be influenced greatly by the nature, amount, and distribution of wood polysaccharides. As will be discussed in Chapter 3, these same sorption phenomena (i.e., adsorption and desorption), together with the architectural arrangement of wood cells in the tree, are responsible for particular patterns in wood swelling and shrinkage when wood is subjected to various environments. The arrangement of polysaccharide molecules within the cell wall itself, especially that of the cellulose, also has a profound effect on the physical and mechanical properties of individual cells and wood as a whole. 

Swelling and shrinkage are considerably reduced due to the surface functionalization. 

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