Suwannee River fulvic acid

Dixon, A. M. and Larive, C. K. (1997). Modified pulsed-field gradient NMR experiments for improved selectivity in the measurement of diffusion coefficients in complex mixtures application to the analysis of the Suwannee River fulvic acid, Anal. Chem., 69, 2122-2128. 

Correlation of Structure with Source. Allochthonous-derived DOM (8) was isolated from the Suwannee River at its origin in the Okefe-nokee Swamp in southern Georgia. The fiilvic acid fraction, which is responsible for the black coloration of the water, was extensively characterized (9). Several average molecular models based on quantitative analytical data were presented in that report (10) to denote the mixture characteristics of fiilvic acid. One model, modified to depict biochemical sources and based on quantitative analytical data (10), is presented in Structure 1. Other models of Suwannee River fulvic acid (based on lignins, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoid sources) were previously proposed (II). 

TABLE III Differences in Chemical Properties of Suwannee River Fulvic Acid Sorbed onto Iron Oxide (Sorbable) and Suwannee River Fulvic Acid Remaining in Solution (Nonsorbable)... 

Stenson, A. C., Landing, W. M., Marshall, A. G., and Cooper, W. T. (2003). Exact masses and chemical formulas of individual Suwannee River fulvic acids from ultrahigh resolution electrospray ionisation fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 75,1275-1284. 

Figure 12.4. FTIR and 13C-NMR spectra of WSOM isolated from the aqueous extracts of aerosol samples collected in summer (A) and autumn (B) from a rural area in Portugal [redrawn from Duarte et al. (2005)]. The spectra of the Suwannee River fulvic acid (C) are also shown for comparison.

Figure 13.9. Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) and humic acid (SRHA) analyzed over the pH range of 2.75-11.5.

Lead, J. R., Wilkinson, K. J., Balnois, E., Cutak, B. J., Larive, C. K., Assemi, S., and Beckett, R. (2000). Diffusion coefficients and polydispersities of the Suwannee River Fulvic Acid Comparison of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance, and flow field-flow fractionation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34(16), 3508-3513. 

DOSY NMR can also be used to study organic contaminants. Thus far only a few applications have been published, the best examples being Dixon et al. (1999), Simpson et al. (2002a), and Otto et al. (2003). Dixon et al. looked at the interactions between fluoro-acetonaphthone and the Suwannee River fulvic acid, Simpson et al. looked at competitive binding between a herbicide and MTBE (a petroleum additive) with NOM, and Otto et al. investigated the interactions between humic substances and surfactants. 

Dixon, A. M., Mai, M. A., and Larive, C. K. (1999). NMR investigation of the interactions between 4-fluoro-l-acetonaphthone and the Suwannee river fulvic acid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 958-964. 

Grassi, M., and Daquino, V. (2005). 113Cd NMR and fluorescence studies of multiple binding mechanisms of Cd(II) by the Suwannee River fulvic acid. Ann. Chim-Rome 95, 579-591. 

Otto,W.H.,Burton,S. D.,Carper,W. R.,and Larive, C.K. (2001a).Examination of Cadmium(II) complexation by the Suwannee River fulvic acid using 113Cd NMR relaxation measurements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35,4900-4904. 

Peat humic acid Suwannee river fulvic acid DSC, TMDSC Young and LeBoeuf (2000)... 

Leonardite humic acid Soil humic acid Peat humic acid Peat fulvic acid Nordic aquatic humic acid Nordic aquatic fulvic acid Suwannee river fulvic acid DSC, TMDSC Zhang and LeBoeuf (2009) DeLapp et al. (2004)... 

Sanhedron soil fulvic acid, Suwannee River fulvic acid, batch equilibrium-sorption isotherm, GC/ECD, Chiou etal. 1986)... 

Sanhedron soil-Suwannee River fulvic acid, shake flask-GC, Chiou et al. 1986, 1987)... 

Humic substances are very refractory consequently, 14C-dating suggests long average ages, such as 30 years for Suwannee River fulvic acid, 100-500 years for soil fulvic acid, 700-1600 years for soil humic acid, and 100-2400 years for soil humin. 

Rose and Waite [5] have developed a detailed kinetic model to describe the oxidation of Fe(II) in the presence of the well-characterised Suwannee River fulvic acid by extension of the Haber-Weiss model [91]. In this model, O2 reduces to OH by oxidation of Fe(II) (either inorganic or complexed with an organic ligand L) in a four-step process ... 

Fig. 14 Wavelength dependence of the quantum yield for lOmg/L Suwannee River Fulvic Acid under aerobic ( ) and anaerobic ( ) conditions (from [115])...

The photodegradation of 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in pure water, in solutions of Suwannee River fulvic acid (5 mg L-1) and in natural waters under polychromatic light (X > 290 nm) was investigated [64],... 

Figure 10.5 Amino acid photoproduction from Suwannee River fulvic acid (30 mg L ). Chromatograms are of OPA derivatized samples before (A) and after (B) 31 h irradiation in a solar simulator. Labeled peaks increased in size after irradiation are labeled with names of amino acids having the same retention time (Tarr et al., 2001).

Antweiler R. C. (1991) The hydrolysis of Suwannee River fulvic acid. In Organic Substances and Sediments in Water Volume I. Humics and Soils (ed. R. A. Baker). Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, pp. 163-177. 

Cabaniss S. E. and Shuman M. S. (1988a) Copper binding by dissolved organic matter I. Suwannee River fulvic acid equilibria. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 185-193. 

Using this pulse sequence to estimate the nature of derivatization of Suwannee River fulvic acid with N-enriched hydroxylamine to leam more about the carbonyl functionality of fulvic acid, Thom et al.(76) obtained signals for the primary products as oximes. Additional signals of secondary products arising from Beckmann rearrangements of the initial oxime derivatives were identified as nitriles, secondary amides and lactams. The bands assigned to hydroxamic acid result from a reaction of esters with NH2OH and are evidence for the presence of esters in the fulvic acid. 

Grinwalla et al.(22) examined the reaction of Suwannee River fulvic acids with chloramine using solution NMR. They report, that while chloramine itself may not form nitrogen containing moieties with Suwannee River fulvic acid, under the conditions examined, the chlorination coproduct, ammonia, most certainly does. They explain that the assertion that chloramine is a safe replacement to chlorine in the treatment of potable water supplies should be tempered, at least until the toxicity of aminated and chlorinated humic products are examined."... 

TABLE 1, Retention of Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (Molecular Weight 1500 daltons) by Ultrafiltration Membranes of 10,000 dalton Cutoff... 

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