Surroundings Everything in the universe

Surroundings everything in the universe surrounding a thermodynamic system. (9.1)... 

Surroundings everything in the universe surrounding a thermodynamic system. 

Because you are interested in the heat evolved by the chemical reaction going on inside the pack, it s convenient to think of the pack and its contents as the system. In thermochemistry, the system is the specific part of the universe that contains the reaction or process you wish to study. Everything in the universe other than the system is considered the surroundings. Therefore, the universe is defined as the system plus the surroundings. 

In thermochemistry, the universe is dehned as the system plus the surroundings. The system is the reachon or process that is being studied, and the surroundings include everything in the universe except the system. 

A "system" is any carefully defined object or collection of materials that is under discussion or study. For example, it may be the substances in a chemical reaction mixture, the contents of a calorimeter, a solid of prescribed dimensions or amount, or a gas at a given temperature, pressure, and volume. Everything in the lab or the universe that exchanges heat or work with the system is called "the surroundings."... 

A.9.2 The system is the part of the physical universe whose properties are under investigation. The boundary separates the system from the surroundings. The surroundings are everything in the physical universe not included as part of the system. 

To discuss this reaction, we divide the universe into two parts the system and the surroundings. The system is the part of the universe on which we wish to focus attention the surroundings inciude everything eise in the universe. In this case we define the system as the reactants and products of the reaction. The surroundings consist of the reaction container (a furnace, for exampie), the room, and anything else other than the reactants and products. 

Take a moment to observe your surroundings and Figure 1.1. Where did all the stuff come from All the stuff in the universe, including everything in the photos, is made from building blocks formed in stars. Scientists call these building blocks and the stuff made from these building blocks matter. 

C is correct. The reaction is the system, and everything outside the reaction makes up the surroundings. The entropy change given in the passage refers to the system not the universe. The second law of thermodynamics says that a reaction is spontaneous when the entropy of the universe is positive. The entropy of the system may be positive or negative. A and B are false statements. D is a false statement as well. The reaction runs until the entropy of the universe is maximized. 

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