Surfactant chemicals

Beyond the CMC, surfactants which are added to the solution thus form micelles which are in equilibrium with the free surfactants. This explains why Xi and level off at that concentration. Note that even though it is called critical, the CMC is not related to a phase transition. Therefore, it is not defined unambiguously. In the simulations, some authors identify it with the concentration where more than half of the surfactants are assembled into aggregates [114] others determine the intersection point of linear fits to the low concentration and the high concentration regime, either plotting the free surfactant concentration vs the total surfactant concentration [115], or plotting the surfactant chemical potential vs ln( ) [119]. 

Anionic Surfactants Chemical Analysis, edited by John Cross... 

J. Cross, (ed.). Nonionic Surfactants Chemical Analysis, Surfactant Science Series Vol. 19, Marcel Dekker, New York (1987). 

Emulsions and Emulsion Technology (in three parts), edited by Kenneth J. Lissant Anionic Surfactants (in two parts), edited by Warner M. Linfieid see Volume 56) Anionic Surfactants Chemical Analysis, edited by John Cross Stabilization of Colloidal Dispersions by Polymer Adsorption, Tatsuo Sato and Richard Ruch... 

Surfactant Biodegradation Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, R. D. Swisher Nonionic Surfactants Chemical Analysis, edited by John Cross Detergency Theory and Technology, edited by W. Gaie Cutier and Erik Kissa Interfacial Phenomena in Apolar Media, edited by Hans-Friedrich Eicke and Geoffrey... 

Esters represent an important class of chemical compounds with applications as solvents, plasticizers, flavors and fragrances, pesticides, medicinals, surfactants, chemical intermediates, and monomers for resins. Recently, esters of amino acids have attracted attention regarding their use as biobased surfactants with excellent adsorption and aggregation properties, low toxicity, and broad biological activity. 

This draft proposal for biodegradation of surfactants is a key issue for the future use of different surfactant chemical groups in detergent... 

Uses Manufacturing plastic films, leather finish resins, textile and paper coatings amphoteric surfactants chemical intermediate. 

Foams are being investigated as a technology for site remediation applications. Foams may be used to treat non-aqueous-phase liquids in the soil subsurface. Foams could be used to deliver gases, surfactants, chemicals, nutrients, and bacteria to the subsurface. 

Cross, J. (Ed.), Anionic Surfactants — Chemical Analysis, Dekker New York, 1977. 

When both oil (o) and water (w) are present, o/w microemulsions will be formed when v/a0lc < 1 w/o microemulsions when v/ac c>U and lamellar phases when v/a0lc 1 (Israelachvili etal., 1980 Mitchell and Ninham, 1981). The v/a ratio depends on the surfactant chemical structure (lc and v) and on surface repulsions between headgroups (aD), (Mitchell and Ninham, 1981). When repulsions increase, the surfactant parameter (v/aGlc) increases and micelles get smaller. As a consequence, size and CMC are related surfactants with low CMC aggregate into large molecules, while the higher the CMC, the smaller the micelles. 

Effects of Surfactant Chemical Structure on One-Atmosphere Foaming Properties... 

Surfactant foaming properties are related to surfactant chemical structure parameters such as hydrophobe size, ethylene oxide chain length, and hydrophile functional group. 

Increasing the test pressure from one atmosphere to 2500 psig COj did not alter the effect of surfactant chemical structure on relative foaming performance. 

Correlation equations relating surfactant chemical structure to performance characteristics and physical properties have been established. One atmosphere foaming properties of alcohol ethoxyl-ates and alcohol ethoxylate derivatives have been related to surfactant hydrophobe carbon chain length, ethylene oxide content, aqueous phase salinity, and temperature. Similar correlations have been established for critical micelle concentration, surfactant cloud point, and surfactant adsorption. 

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