Surface operations, petroleum

Chilingarian, G. V. Robertson, J. O., Jr. Kumar, S. Surface Operations in Petroleum Production Developments in Petroleum Science, 19A Elsevier Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1987 Vol. I. 

A G.V. CHILINGARIAN, J.O. ROBERTSON Jr. and S. KUMAR SURFACE OPERATIONS IN PETROLEUM PRODUCTION, I... 

DU Bessler, GV Chilingarian. In GV Chilingarian, ed. Surface Operation in Petroleum Production. I. Amsterdam Elsevier, 1987. 

In principle, the recovery of LNAPL is similar in mechanical operation to production of a low-pressure, water-driven reservoir. Almost all documented petroleum remediations have been characterized by subsurface conditions under water table conditions (i.e., the top surface of the fluids are at atmospheric pressure). Few cases of confined aquifer situations have been reported in the literature, and although the mechanical recovery procedures are slightly different, the economic considerations are similar. 

After distillation, heat transfer is the most important operation in a process plant. Most of the heat transfer in chemical plants and petroleum refineries takes place in shell-and-tube heat exchangers. The surface condenser we discussed in Chap. 18 is an example of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. 

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