Surface Modifications of Spinel Electrodes

It has been reported that LMO particles coated with either borate glass Li20-2B2O3 (LBO) or with fluorine exhibit good high-temperature electrochemical performance. LBO-coated LMO electrode via solutimi method has an excellent cycling behavior (112 mAh g ) without any capacity loss even after 30 cycles at 1C rate [63]. Huoride is also used to coat LMO to improve its cyclabiUty because it is very stable even in HF. Lee et al. [64] reported that the BiOF-coated spinel 

sMni 5O4 (LNM) is considered as the most promising cathode to increase the density energy, as it operates at 4.7 V [65]. Unfortunately, its use is still postponed, mainly because of a significant capacity loss at elevated temperature T 50 °C, which is a critical environment for HEV and EV applications. As for the LiMn204 spinel, the remedy envisioned for canceling the electrode-electrolyte reactions is the same for both materials, namely coat the particles with a protective layer. 

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