Surface-active medium mercury

This reduction step can be readily observed at a mercury electrode in an aprotic solvent or even in aqueous medium at an electrode covered with a suitable surfactant. However, in the absence of a surface-active substance, nitrobenzene is reduced in aqueous media in a four-electron wave, as the first step (Eq. 5.9.3) is followed by fast electrochemical and chemical reactions yielding phenylhydroxylamine. At even more negative potentials phenylhydroxylamine is further reduced to aniline. The same process occurs at lead and zinc electrodes, where phenylhydroxylamine can even be oxidized to yield nitrobenzene again. At electrodes such as platinum, nickel or iron, where chemisorption bonds can be formed with the products of the... 

Note The U.S.F.D.A. method is essentially the same as the A,0,A.C. method, except that the F.D.A. method specifies Liebig s beef extract instead of Difco and the A,O.A.C. method allows two variations of the culture medium to counteract the bacteriostatic carry-over of substances such as the mercurials and surface-active compounds. 

In another approach, inert isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) was activated by photobromination [10]. A Pyrex glass tube with polymer films was purged with nitrogen, filled with bromine vapor, and then irradiated with a medium-pressure mercury vapor lamp. The surface-bound bromine was used directly for the initiation of ATRP of PNIPAM. Note that patterning in this case could also be implemented using a photomask during the bromination reaction, resulting in a selective activation of the surface. 

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