Superstructures traffic

It is assumed that the bridge is loaded by the self-weight of the superstructure, the permanent and traffic loads. The traffic load model LMl is considered which consists of the double-axle concentrated load gk (the tandem system TS, two lanes loaded by the axle loads 300 kN and 200 kN with the adjustment factor uq = 0,8), and the uniformly distributed load a qiciUDL, the first lane qi = 9 kN/m with adjustment factor Ug = 0,8, other lanes = 2,5 kN/m with factor a i = 1). The concrete class C 40/50 and... 

AE measurement has been applied to the superstructures to evaluate the deterioration or the damage. In this case, in situ measurement under service or traffic loads is desirable. In these applications, the care for environmental noises is essential. This is because the measuring conditions at the site are varied one by one. It is quite important to conduct preliminary tests prior to actual tests on equipment setting and measuring conditions. Based on these well-cared preparations, valuable AE data are to be successfully obtained. 

In addition to typical frame structures, BRBs can be used anywhere a ductile fuse element is required. Examples include bridges as ductile coimections between the superstructure and the substructure, stadiums as part of the lateral resisting systems, and dam intake towers to prevent lateral motion while Umiting the forces imparted to the dam. They have also been used more recently in the San Francisco Airport Air Traffic Control Tower which is a self-centering system where the BRBs provide hysteretic energy dissipation (Muthukumar and Sabelli 2013). 

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