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Sunlight on the earth’s surface

The effect of light scattering and absorption by atmospheric constituents on the intensity and wavelength distribution of sunlight at the earth s surface depends on both the nature and concentration of the gases and particles as well as the path length through... [Pg.56]

Since UV radiation of wavelength 147-130 nm is absent in sunlight available on the earth s surface, hence no formation of ozone takes place. However, at a height of 32 km, this UV radiation is available that lead to formation of ozone. The ozone molecules so formed absorbs this UV radiation and thus is not available on the surface of earth. [Pg.263]

Power conversion efficiency (ri). Photovoltaic devices should be used for the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity. The intensity of solar radiation on the earth s surface when the sun s rays form an angle of 60° is about 691 W/m2 (AM2). The power conversion efficiency (ri) is... [Pg.810]

Oil and gas have been known since antiquity because petroleum products were found naturally on the earth s surface. There are several references in the Bible related to asphalt and bitumen. Romans used oil for lighting and heating the thermae of Constantinople. Persians and American Indians for the extraction of petroleum, used blankets that were soaked in shallow pools of water and oil and then squeezed. In China and Japan, even before the Christian era, extraction was carried out with artificial wells lined with wood or masonry. Transport was carried out with buckets, but it seems that already in 250 BC, the Chinese used flammable gas as fuel, transported with bamboo poles, making them the first pipelines. In the same period, on the shores of Lake Titicaca, it seems that the Incas distilled oil in large earthen pots heated by the sunlight. In 1859, Drake began the modem age of oil extraction wells by using cast iron pipes [1-3]. [Pg.299]

The spectral distribution in sunlight is important for structural-physical applications. The surface of the sun has a temperature of about 5000 K. Thus the maximum of the radiated energy lies in the visible area of 200-300 nm. Sunlight is weakened on its way to the earth s surface through various mechanisms which absorb the energy. For this reason the Planck spectral distribution can be seen as an envelope curve for the radiation arriving on the earth s surface (Fig. 5.20). The real circumstances are also shown in the figure. [Pg.162]

Fig. 10.115. Relationship between the three principal methods of measuring the illuminance due to sunlight, skylight and daylight on the horizontal plane (H), the perpendicular plane (P) and the normal incident plane (N). Part (a) represents a perpendicular plane through a line OS, which is drawn from a point O on the earth s surface to the sun (S), intersecting the horizontal plane along a line CB. Part (b) represents the three-dimensional relationship and defines the terms solar azimuth (A), solar altitude (b) and solar zenith distance [2293]. Fig. 10.115. Relationship between the three principal methods of measuring the illuminance due to sunlight, skylight and daylight on the horizontal plane (H), the perpendicular plane (P) and the normal incident plane (N). Part (a) represents a perpendicular plane through a line OS, which is drawn from a point O on the earth s surface to the sun (S), intersecting the horizontal plane along a line CB. Part (b) represents the three-dimensional relationship and defines the terms solar azimuth (A), solar altitude (b) and solar zenith distance [2293].

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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.52 , Pg.73 , Pg.75 ]




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Earth, surface

Sunlight

THE EARTH

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