Sulfur groups, distribution

Ultramarine is essentially a three-dimensional aluminosilicate lattice with entrapped sodium ions and ionic sulfur groups (Fig. 32). The lattice has the sodalite structure, with a cubic unit cell dimension of ca. 0.9 nm. In synthetic ultramarine derived from china clay by calcination (see Section 3.5.3), the lattice distribution of silicon and aluminum ions is disordered. This contrasts with the ordered array in natural ultramarines. 

The Sulfur Distribution in Treated Coals. Various treatments are known to be selective to specific sulfur groups. Therefore, it was interesting to examine the kinetograms of treated coals. Three treatments are described oxidation with H2O2, removal of the alkaline minerals with HCl, and methylation of the coal with methyl iodide. 

Table V. Distribution of Organic Sulfur Groups in Five Coals (7)...

To cut away the chains with sulfur groups from the distribution simply set u = 0. 

Alkanesulfonates are the petrochemically derived sulfur analogs of soaps, which are alkane carboxylates based on renewable resources. The main difference between alkanesulfonates and soaps is, however, that alkanesulfonates consist of a rather complex mixture of homologs with different carbon chain lengths and isomers with an almost statistical distribution of the functional group along the hydrophobic carbon chain (Fig. 1), whereas soap is a mixture of homologs of alkane 1-carboxylates with an even number of carbon atoms. 

Note that the bond between sulfur and the OH group is not much different than that in the H2S04 molecule, but the other three S-O bonds are lengthened compared to H2S04 the molecule. This is the result of the t bonding being distributed to three oxygen atoms rather than just two. 

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