Sudden stratospheric warming

Holton, J.R., A semi-spectral numerical model for wave, mean flow interactions in the stratosphere Application to sudden stratospheric warmings. J Atmos Sci 33, 1639, 1976. 

Kawahira, K., An observational study of the D-region winter anomaly and sudden stratospheric warmings. J Atmos-Terr Phys 44, 947, 1982. 

The relatively short-lived highs in the maximum temperatures around the start of the year seem to be associated with stratospheric sudden warmings, which the model produces with realistic amplitude and frequency, as may be seen in the figure. 

Matsuno, T., A dynamical model of the stratospheric sudden warming. J Atmos Sci 28, 1479, 1971. 

Palmer, T. N., Diagnostic study of a wavenumber 2 stratospheric sudden warming in a transformed Eulerian mean formalism. J Atmos Sci 38, 544, 1981. 

The stratospheric sudden warming phenomenon is the result of wave-mean flow interaction following the rapid amplification of extratropical planetary waves. This phenomenon has been intensively studied and has also been simulated with a variety of numerical models, ranging from simple mechanistic ones to fully interactive general circulation models. 

It turns out that the response of the stratosphere to V F during a typical sudden warming is about equally divided... 

FIGURE 15 The mean meridional circulation induced by wave driving during a stratospheric sudden warming. [From T J. Dunkerton etal. (1981). J. Atmos. Sci. 38, 819-843.]... 

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