Sucrose chemistry carbonates

In your study of chemistry, you will use both macroscopic and submicroscopic perspectives. For example, sucrose and aspirin are both composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, but they have different behaviors and functions. These differences must come about because of differences in the submicroscopic arrangement of their atoms. Figure 1.7 shows models that reveal these submicroscopic differences. 

Due to their ease of isolation and purification, sucrose, lactose (milk sugar), starch, cotton cellulose, glucose, and fructose were among the first to be studied, and their empirical composition was found to correspond to the general formula Cn(H20). Since structural chemistry and the existence of hydroxyl groups and hydrogen as structural elements was unknown at the time, the substances were looked upon quite naturally as compounds of carbon and water, and were termed carbohydrates (French, hydrates de carbone). 

In all areas of chemistry, scientists work with chemicals. A chemical is any substance that has a definite composition. For example, consider the material called sucrose, or cane sugar. It has a definite composition in terms of the atoms that compose it. It is produced by certain plants in the chemical process of photosynthesis. Sucrose is a chemical. Carbon dioxide, water, and countless other substances are chemicals as well. 

We now leave pure materials and the limited but important changes they can undergo and examine mixtures. We shall consider only homogeneous mixtures, or solutions, in which the composition is uniform however small the sample. The component in smaller abundance is called the solute and that in larger abimdance is the solvent. These terms, however, are normally but not invariably reserved for solids dissolved in Kquids one liquid mixed with another is normally called simply a mixture of the two liquids. In this chapter we consider mainly nonelectrolyte solutions, where the solute is not present as ions. Examples are sucrose dissolved in water, sulfur dissolved in carbon disulfide, and a mixture of ethanol and water. Although we also consider some of the special problems of electrolyte solutions, in which the solute consists of ions that interact strongly with one another, we defer a full study until Chapter 5. The measures of concentration commonly encoimtered in physical chemistry are reviewed in Further information 3.2. 

Water, ammonia, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide—all familiar substances—are rather simple chemical compounds. Only slightly less familiar are sucrose (cane sugar), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). They too are chemical compounds. In fact, the study of chemistry is mostly about chemical compounds, and, in this chapter, we will consider a number of ideas about compounds. 

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