Carbohydrate substrates

The first hormonal signal found to comply with the characteristics of both a satiety and an adiposity signal was insulin [1]. Insulin levels reflect substrate (carbohydrate) intake and stores, as they rise with blood glucose levels and fall with starvation. In addition, they may reflect the size of adipose stores, because a fatter person secretes more insulin than a lean individual in response to a given increase of blood glucose. This increased insulin secretion in obesity can be explained by the reduced insulin sensitivity of liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Insulin is known to enter the brain, and direct administration of insulin to the brain reduces food intake. The adipostatic role of insulin is supported by the observation that mutant mice lacking the neuronal insulin receptor (NDRKO mice) develop obesity. 

The Hypothesis of a Multipoint Contact between Enzyme and Substrate (Carbohydrate). 54... 

Figure 17-6 The dicarboxylic acid cycle for oxidation of glyoxylate to carbon dioxide. The pathway for synthesis of the regenerating substrate Carbohydrate synthesis...

Fig. 6 Evolution of microbial catabolic potentialities during a "summer" type microcalorimetric response to eutrophication. The five bar charts characterize the specialization of the bacterial population, expressed as the ability to metabolize a variety of organic substrates (carbohydrates, alcohols, amino acids etc.).

J. Defaye, H. Driguez, B. Henrissat, and E. Bar-Guilloux, Stereochemistry of the hydrolysis of a,a-trehalose by trehalase, determined by using a labelled substrate, Carbohydr. Res., 124 (1983)... 

Kim EJ, Kang DO, Love DC, Hanover JA. Enzymatic characterization of 0-GlcNAcase isoforms using a fluorogenic GlcNAc substrate. Carbohydr. Res. 2006 341 971-982. 

Lehmann, J, Schlesselmann, P, Location of a proton-donating group at the re-face of a (i-D-galactosidase-bound, diastereotopic substrate, Carbohydr. Res., 113, 93-99, 1983. 

Wang S. L., Chen S. J., and Wang C. L. 2008a. Purification and characterization of chitinases and chitosanases from a new species strain Pseudomonas sp. TKU015 using shrimp shells as a substrate. Carbohydr Res 343 1171-1179. 

Chokchainarong S, Fennema OR, Connors KA (1992) Binding constants for complexes of alpha-cyclodextrin with L-phenylalanine and some related substrates. Carbohydrate Res 232 161-168... 

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