SUBJECTS electrochemical equivalents

This postulate is consistent to given approximations with an expansion of the master equation or an equivalent Hamilton-Jacobi equation. The derivation is given in Appendix A and B of [1] the mathematics is complex and specialized. The study of stochastic equations of electrochemical systems is in its infancy we know of no prior work on this subject. Further intensive studies will be necessary to fully substantiate the postulate of (11.13). 

It cannot be proposed in a book such as the present to discuss common techniques such as EIS in detail reference is made to excellent monognq>hs on the subject [399]. To summarize briefly, however, in a typical AC technique, a constant-amplitude (sine wave) current of a given frequency is applied across two electrodes connected via the CP alone, or the CP in an electrochemical cell or device. The voltage that results is monitored via a lock-in amplifier which detects the in-phase and 90 -out-of-phase impedance components, which correspond respectively to the resistance and capacitance of the CP sample. If an ElS-type equivalent circuit analysis is not required, this information, as a function of several frequencies, is usually all that is sought for AC conductivity. Microwave and IR measurements are discussed separately within this chapter or elsewhere in this book. 

---