Subject with carbon donor atom

Phosphate esters, particularly AMP, ADP and ATP, have vital biological functions and this fact has generated intense interest in their reaction mechanisms. Subtle stereochemical experiments, such as the use of isotopically chiral compounds, have been important and, since all biological phosphorylation reactions appear to involve metal ion catalysis, the stereochemistry of phosphate ion coordination has also been subject to much attention.229,230 Apart from its biological significance, this work has revealed some interesting contrasts with the stereochemistry of ligand systems in which saturated carbon units link the donor atoms. 

The hydrogen-bonding abilities of the ring nitrogen atom have also been the subject of investigation using IR spectroscopy, with proton donors such as phenol, pyrrole, and acetylenes in dilute carbon tetrachloride solution. Good correlations are observed 128-131 thus Eq. 

---