Subject skin tests

Safety is assessed by subjecting the antioxidant to a series of animal toxicity tests, eg, oral, inhalation, eye, and skin tests. Mutagenicity tests are also carried out to determine possible or potential carcinogenicity. Stabilizers are being granulated and Hquid products are receiving greater acceptance to minimize the inhalation of dust and to improve flow characteristics. 

Melamine ia a skin test on rabbits produced neither local irritation nor systemic toxicity. As a 10% solution ia methylceUulose, it caused no irritation ia the eyes of rabbits. Human subjects were given patch tests with melamine. No evidence of either primary irritation or sensitization was found. Such results suggest that melamine crystal may be handled ia ordinary iadustrial use without special hygienic precautions. 

Observations regarding the cellular immune response in PTSD are also consistent with enhanced GR responsiveness in the periphery. In one study, beclomethasone-induced vasoconstriction was increased in women PTSD subjects compared to healthy, non-trauma-exposed comparison subjects (Coupland et al. 2003). Similarly, an enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity of skin test responses was observed in women who survived childhood sexual abuse vs those who did not (Altemus et al. 2003). Because immune responses, like endocrine ones, can be multiply regulated, these studies provide only indirect evidence of GR responsiveness. However, when considered in the context of the observation that PTSD patients showed increased expression of the re-... 

Complete experiment records are available on 103 CS subjects (Table 4-18) a summary Is available on an additional 86 subjects who participated In CS skln-sensitlzatlon experiments In 1972. The records represent a cross-section of many of the CS protocols. The amount of Information In each record varies with the protocol. Ct s, where mentioned In the 105 records, ranged from 7 to 345 mg-min/m. Exposure times, where mentioned in the 105 records, ranged from 18 s to 10 min. In motivation experiments, subjects attempted to remain in CS for up to 200 s, but many left before test completion. Dosages In skin tests were 0.01 or 0.025 ml of 1Z CS applied to bare or clothed arms. 

Two hours earlier, she had taken Eulitop Retard after lunch. She had intense positive responses to intra-dermal Eulitop Retard and its active component, bezafibrate skin tests in control subjects were negative. Specific IgE tests (RAST) to Eulitop Retard were negative. The positive skin tests suggested that an IgE mechanism was responsible for this adverse reaction. 

Comparisons of sensitization rates to various basidiomycetes, and between basidiomycetes and other groups of fungi have been made in the frame of skin test surveys [20-22]. In a multicenter study in Europe and the USA, it was shown that sensitization to basidiomycetes was as prevalent as sensitization to other well-established allergenic molds, such as Altemaria, Cladosporium, Aspergillus and Fusarium [21]. Generally, 25-30% of subjects with respiratory... 

Of 1472 hospital employees of a teaching hospital in Hong Kong, 461 had taken royal jelly in the past (14). Nine subjects reported 14 adverse reactions to royal jelly, including urticaria, eczema, rhinitis, and acute asthma. Of 176 subjects who responded to a questionnaire, 13 (7.4%) had positive skin tests to pure royal jelly, as did 23 of 300 consecutive asthma clinic attendees (7.3%). All but one of the 36 subjects with positive royal jelly skin tests was atopic to other common allergens. There were associations between positive royal jelly skin tests and atopy (OR = 33,95% Cl = 4.5,252) and between adverse reactions to royal jelly and a history of clinical allergy (OR = 2.88, 95% Cl = 0.72, 12), but not between royal jelly symptoms and previous royal jelly intake. 

A maximum of 20% of subjects with a history of allergylike reactions after administration of a penicillin antibiotic have positive skin or RAST tests (165-167). Tests using benzylpenicillin derivatives or semisynthetic penicillins can almost double positive test results (168,169). Patients with a positive history but negative skin tests run a 1-3% risk of an IgE-mediated reaction and 60% of testpositive patients had evidence of an immediate reaction, including urticaria and angioedema (165). 

Information on immunological effects in humans after dermal exposure to 2,4-DNP is limited. Three methods of skin testing were performed on 157 people, 117 of whom were patients with hay fever, asthma, or urticaria (Matzger 1934). For the patch test, 10 mg of sodium 2,4-DNP was applied to the forearm or back under waxed paper. For the scratch test, 2 mg sodium 2,4-DNP in saline or 2 drops of a 2% aqueous solution was rubbed on a scarification. For the intradermal test, 0.01-0.02 ml of 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, or 1% sodium 2,4-DNP was introduced in the upper arm. In the indirect or passive transfer test, blood serum from a patient with a violent clinical reaction to DNP was introduced intradermally in nonallergic subjects. After 24 hours, the sites of passive transfer were tested intradermally with 2,4-DNP. The direct tests and the passive transfer test were negative. 

Techniques for the diagnosis of anaphylactic sensitivity to hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants, etc.) stings have been difficult to establish. Studies with commercially available whole body extracts of hymenoptera for skin testing were unable to discriminate between hypersensitive and control subjects. Use of hymenoptera venom skin tests clearly distinguishes between allergic and normal subjects and this venom was made available to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases for further uses as a diagnostic material in 1976. ... 

Macy E, Mangat R, Burchetts RJ. Penicillin skin testing in advance of need Multiyear follow-up in 568 test result-negative subjects exposed to oral penicillins. J Allerg CUn limnunol 2003 111 1111-1115. 

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