Structure of Castings and Ingots

Castings are typically produced by pouring liquid into a relatively cold mold and allowing solidification to take place. Heat is removed from the solidifying material by conduction out through the mold. The classic grain structure obtained after this type of solidification is illustrated in Fig. 22.5. 

Zone Melting. John Wiley Sons, New York, 1966. 

Flemings. Solidification Processing. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1974. 

Kurz and D.J. Fisher. Fundamentals of Solidification. Trans. Tech. Publ., Switzerland, 1984. 

Tiller, and J.W. Rutter. A mathematical analysis of solute redistribution during solidification. Can. J. Phys., 33 723-745, 1955. 

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