Stroke neuroprotection

Singhal AB, Lo EH, Dalkara T, Moskowitz MA. Advances in stroke neuroprotection hyperoxia and beyond. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2005 15 697-720, xii-xiii. 

Roof, R. L., and Hall, E. D. 2000. Gender differences in acute CNS trauma and stroke Neuroprotective effects of estrogen and progesterone. 7. Neurotrauma 77 367-388. 

Stroke Neuroprotective Clinical Trials Lessons from Past Failures... 

CJ-Receptors are localized ia the brain stem and limbic stmcture, regions associated with endocrine function (76). In the periphery, CJ-receptors are found in the Hver, heart, ileum, vas deferens, and on lymphocytes and thymocytes. Although there is insufficient evidence to clearly define the functional role of CNS CJ-sites, based on the effects of PCP and the interaction of haloperidol with CJ-sites, CJ-receptor ligands may be antipsychotics or used for the treatment of substance abuse. Several CJ-receptor ligands have shown neuroprotective effects in vivo. Ifenprodil (315) and CNS 1102 (316) are being developed for treatment of stroke (Table 18). 

Shyu WC, Lin SZ, Yen PS, Su CY, Chen DC, Wang HI, Li H (2008) Stromal ceU-derived factor-1 alpha promotes neuroprotection, angiogenesis, and mobitization/homing of bone marrow-derived cells in stroke rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 324 834-849... 

Martinez-Vila E, Mmia P. Challenges of neuroprotection and neurorestoration in ischemic stroke treatment. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005 20 Suppl 2 148-158. 

Belayev L, Liu Y, Zhao W, Busto R, Ginsberg MD. Human albumin therapy of acute ischemic stroke marked neuroprotective efficacy at moderate doses and with a broad therapeutic window. Stroke 2001 32 553-560. 

Saver XL, Kidwell C, Eckstein M, Starkman S. Prehospital neuroprotective therapy for acute stroke results of the field administration of stroke therapy-magnesium (fast-mag) pilot trial. Stroke 2004 35 el06-el08. 

Schabitz WR, Schade H, Heiland S, Kollmar R, Bardutzky J, Henninger N, Muller H, Carl U, Toyokuni S, Sommer C, Schwab S. Neuroprotection by hyperbaric oxygenation after experimental focal cerebral ischemia monitored by mr-imaging. Stroke 2004 35 1175-1179. 

Wagner KR, Zuccarello M. Local brain hypothermia for neuroprotection in stroke treatment and aneurysm repair. Neurol Res 2005 27(3) 238-245. 

Knowledge of the health of the cells after a stroke is fundamental if the cells are still alive, the use of neuroprotectant drugs can be useful to minimise brain damage otherwise, their utilisation is useless. A chemical parameter capable of assessing the state of health of tissue cells is pH. In fact, the death of tissue cells is followed by formation of lactic acid, which causes a decrease in blood pH. Normal values are around 7.4 a decrease below this value in the region in which a stroke has taken place is an index of the death of cells. 

Estrogens are also neuroprotective against ischemic damage [13], and aromatization of androgens to estrogens plays a role even in females, where knockout of the aromatase gene increases the vulnerability of female mice to stroke damage by a process that is prevented by estradiol administration [33]. 

Sigma Nonselective sigma Rat brain Inflammation, depression, schizophrenia, amnesia, stroke, cancer, ulcer, pain, diabetes Regulation of motor function, smooth muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, neuroprotection... 

Endothelin eta Human cDNA Acute pancreatitis, artherosderosis, cancer, hypertension, congestive heart failure, diabetes, obesity, inflammation, myocardial ischemia, prostatic hypertrophy, pulmonary fibrosis, stroke, ulcer, pain Vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, positive cardiac inotropy, proliferative responses, aldosterone secretion, neuroprotection... 

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