Stopped-flow method Pressure combination

Physical instabifities arise whenever discontinuities and/or adverse gradients are present in a flow field. Classical situations that have been thoroughly investigated include discontinitities in velocity, temperature, pressure, and density or combinations of these. In the case of mathematical modeling of NCLs, discontinuities introduced into algebraic representations of model closures for wall interphase, friction, heat, and mass transfer and the equation of state (EoS) can also introduce instabilities. These are purely artifacts of mathematical constracts and are not encountered in the physical domain. The stopping criterion for numerical iterative methods must also be checked that the calculated results are independent of its value. 

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