Stochastic titration

Baptista M, Teixeira VH, Soares CM (2002) Constant-pH molecular dynamics using stochastic titration. J Chem Phys 117 4184-4200. 

Machuqueiro M, Baptista AM (2007). Stochastic titration study of hen egg lysozyme. Proteins 72 289-298. 

It may be useful to point out a few topics that go beyond a first course in control. With certain processes, we cannot take data continuously, but rather in certain selected slow intervals (c.f. titration in freshmen chemistry). These are called sampled-data systems. With computers, the analysis evolves into a new area of its own—discrete-time or digital control systems. Here, differential equations and Laplace transform do not work anymore. The mathematical techniques to handle discrete-time systems are difference equations and z-transform. Furthermore, there are multivariable and state space control, which we will encounter a brief introduction. Beyond the introductory level are optimal control, nonlinear control, adaptive control, stochastic control, and fuzzy logic control. Do not lose the perspective that control is an immense field. Classical control appears insignificant, but we have to start some where and onward we crawl. 

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