Steel nickel-plated

ORIGIN/INDUSTRY SOURCES/USES metal coins jewelry valves heat exchangers batteries textile dyes spark plugs machinery parts stainless steel nickel plating catalysts nickel-chrome resistance wires to color ceramics... 

Freshly made cells of the "lithium-sulfiir dioxide" system are characterized by enhanced intrinsic pressure up to 0.4 MPa. Only by the end of discharge or rather by the time liquid sulfur dioxide is exhausted, this pressure somewhat decreases. Therefore, such cells are produced in rather robust steel nickel-plated cases of a not very large size. As a rule, the maximum capacity of individual cells does not exceed 30 Ah. The cases of sulfur dioxide-lithium cells are usually equipped with relief valves preventing fracture of cases at an increase in pressure (e.g., because of the cell overheating). 

To complete the assembly of a cell, the interleaved electrode groups are bolted to a cov er and the cover is sealed to a container. Originally, nickel-plated steel was the predominant material for cell containers but, more recently plastic containers have been used for a considerable proportion of pocket nickel-cadmium cells. Polyethylene, high impact polystyrene, and a copolymer of propylene and ethylene have been the most widely used plastics. 

To reduce labor and other expenses, most sintered nickel plaques are produced by a wet-slurry method. A nickel slurry is prepared by mixing a low density nickel powder with a viscous aqueous solution such as carboxymethylceUulose [9004-42-6] (CMC). Pure nickel gau2e, a nickel-plated gau2e, or a nickel-plated perforated steel strip is continuously carried through a container filled with the nickel paste and sintering is done in a hori2ontal furnace. The time of the sinter in the furnace is ca 10—20 min. 

CeU terminal connections are usuaUy brought out by two-threaded terminals that protmde through the ceU jar cover. They are usuaUy steel, brass, or copper with a hoUow coastmctioa. The plate leads are soldered ia place ia the ceater hoUow portioa of the terminal to effect an electrical contact and ceU seal. The terminal itself is potted iato the jar cover usiag epoxy-type pottiag compouads. NormaUy, terminal hardware is sUver-plated. However, for corrosioa resistance nickel-plating has been used. 

Spiral-plate exchangers are fabricated from any material that can be cold worked and welded. Materials commonly used include carbo steel, stainless steel, nickel and nickel alloys, titanium, Hastelloys, and copper alloys. Baked phenolic-resin coatings are sometimes applied. Electrodes can also be wound into the assembly to anodically protect surfaces against corrosion. 

Heat exchangers that utilize copper coils are potential candidates for galvanic corrosion due to dissolved copper salts interacting with the galvanized steel shell. This problem can be avoided by nickel plating the coils. The coils then can be separated from direct contact with the vessel via insulation. Also, it is preferable to conduct the water on the tube side of heat exchangers. 

For chemical service the necessary parts are available in 3.5 percent nickel steel monel Hastelloy C Stainless Type 316, 304, etc. plastic coated bellows nickel silver nickel plated springs and other workable materials. 

In many cases there will be a need to test metal-coated specimens, e.g. galvanised steel, tin-plated copper, nickel-plated zinc, etc. It will then be necessary to test specimens in the completely coated condition and also with the coating damaged so that the basis metal is exposed. The latter condition will provide the conditions for galvanic action between the coating and the basis metal. With sheet specimens this condition is most readily achieved by leaving cut edges exposed to the test environment. 

Although one of the most common storage batteries is called the nickel/cadmium system ( NiCad ), correctly written (-)Cd/KOH/NiO(OH)(+), cadmium is not usually applied as a metal to form a battery anode. The same can be said with regard to the silver/cadmium [(-) Cd / KOH / AgO (+)] and the MerCad battery [(-)Cd/KOH/HgO(+)]. The metallic negative in these cases may be formed starting with cadmium hydroxide, incorporated in the pore system of a sintered nickel plate or pressed upon a nickel-plated steel current collector (pocket plates), which is subsequently converted to cadmium metal by electrochemical reduction inside the cell (type AB2C2). This operation is done by the customers when they start the application of these (storage)... 

The other method is cadmium electrodeposition on a nickel-plated steel foil (serving as current collector) using a plating bath containing acidified cadmium sulfate (type AB2C3). In this case the user is supplied with a battery in charged ( ready for use ) condition. 

Subcategory A encompasses the manufacture of all batteries in which cadmium is the reactive anode material. Cadmium anode batteries currently manufactured are based on nickel-cadmium, silver-cadmium, and mercury-cadmium couples (Table 32.1). The manufacture of cadmium anode batteries uses various raw materials, which comprises cadmium or cadmium salts (mainly nitrates and oxides) to produce cell cathodes nickel powder and either nickel or nickel-plated steel screen to make the electrode support structures nylon and polypropylene, for use in manufacturing the cell separators and either sodium or potassium hydroxide, for use as process chemicals and as the cell electrolyte. Cobalt salts may be added to some electrodes. Batteries of this subcategory are predominantly rechargeable and find application in calculators, cell phones, laptops, and other portable electronic devices, in addition to a variety of industrial applications.1-4 A typical example is the nickel-cadmium battery described below. 

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