State of Cell Water

The experimental testing of the polarized multilayer theory of cell water involved two steps. In the first step, one tests if the theory has general validity. This requires verifying predictions of the theory in test tubes. If the theory passes this test, then one can proceed to the next step, i.e., to answer the question, Does this theory apply to the living cell The following is a summary of the results of the testing carried out thus far. 

The tests were carried out directed at the following specific predictions of the theory  

To test these predictions, we employed a technique that is based on yet another prediction of the theory already mentioned above, namely, that water existing in the state of polarized multilayers has reduced solubility for large molecules and hydrated ions including Na salts, sugars, and free amino acids. This criterion of testing has the following merits experimental simplicity (equilibrium dialysis) and above all, its unambiguity. Thus, if water in a certain model solutions has a p-value for a Na salt (p-value the apparent equilibrium distribution coefficient of a probe substance like Na between the water under study and the reference normal dilute solution outside the dialysis bag) equal to 0.5, one can then state unequivocally that at least 50% of the water has been affected by the proteins or polymer present. 

Results of these experimental tests carried out thus far include the following  

An important by-product ot these investigations is a redefinition of Thomas Graham s colloidal state, whose true meaning has been lost in the undue emphasis on large molecule size. The experimental behavior of gelatin suggests that the colloidal state is the one in which the macromolecules exist as an NP-NP-NP system (or its equivalents), and in 

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