Standard High-Field Effect

CLUSTERING OF GAS MOLECULES ON IONS AND THE STANDARD HIGH-FIELD EFFECT... 

Non-Blanc phenomena for mobility and diffusion occur for all ions in any gas mixture and thus may be viewed as standard high-field effects (2.1). Now we transition to nonstandard effects that involve inelasticity of collisions or alignment of polyatomic ions. 

As discussed in 2.2.1, the standard high-field effect ensues from cross sections O depending on the ion-molecule colhsion velocities that increase at greater E/N. 

In undeuterated dioxane, Hgq and coincidentally have the same chemical shift (at the field studied), so they cannot be differentiated at low temperatures. (See Sections 1-8 and 5-2.) In l,4-dioxane- 7 (an impurity in commercial l,4-dioxane- 5 g), both and Hgq exhibit isotope shifts to a lower frequency, but H x is shifted somewhat farther. As a result, the axial and equatorial protons give separate resonances at low temperatures, in contrast to the undeuterated material. Because of a chlorine isotope effect, chloroform is a poor substance for an internal lock or a resolution standard at fields above about 9.4 T. At high resolution, the chloroform proton resonance shows up as several closely spaced peaks, due to CH( 5c1)( C1)2, CH( C1)2( C1), CH( C1)3, and CH( C1)3. 

As is known to molecular biologists, DNA electrotransfer to bacteria is a standard method, and a small pulse generator is everyday equipment in most laboratories. However, whereas the molecular biologist would not hesitate to let billions of bacteria succumb to side effects of high-field electroporation, this view is of course not shared by those working with mammalian cells-and doctors working in the clinic would have safety as the major priority [2]. 

GENERAL ASPECTS OF HIGH-FIELD ION MOBILITY STANDARD AND NONSTANDARD EFFECTS... 

The effect of clustering on high-field mobility may superficially seem nonstandard as it does not apparently affect K E/N) above a certain T depending on the ion/gas pair. However, the (de)clustering and the standard effect (2.2.3) are intimately related. Those are often viewed as unrelated (presumably additive) phenomena, " but the capture of gas molecules to orbit around or adsorb on the ion is just... 

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