Spectroscopic Properties of Aggregated Cyanine dyes

Effect of Aggregate Formation upon Electronic Energy Levels of Cyanine Dyes 

Since the redox potentials of dye aggregates adsorbed onto platinum electrode exhibit a broad distribution centred at the formal oxidation potential Eox, the direct information on the ionization energy of the aggregated cyanines can be obtained, even in case of irreversibly oxidizing dyes, from the potential dependence of the fractional degree of dye oxidation, 0, derived from the potential-step electrochemical measurements [52, 53]. The analogue of Nemst equation describing the oxidation process can be written as  

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