Spectrometers, time-resolved photoelectron

Photoionization always produces two species available for analysis the ion and the electron. By measuring both photoelectrons and photoions in coincidence, the kinetic electron may be assigned to its correlated parent ion partner, which may be identified by mass spectrometry. The extension of the photoelectron-photoion-coincidence (PEPICO) technique to the femtosecond time-resolved domain was shown to be very important for studies of dynamics in clusters [131, 132]. In these experiments, a simple yet efficient permanent magnet design magnetic bottle electron spectrometer was used for photoelectron... 

It is possible to record data in different time windows after the application of a pulse to obtain time-resolved spectra. The pulses are applied to the sample rod externally using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and the photoelectrons are amplified and counted for a given period. The kinetic energy axis of the spectrometer is also controlled by the DAC. Each measurement starts by setting the kinetic energy to the first point with application of +10V to the sample rod. 

---