Solubility and Solvation

Thermodynamic calculations can also be used to show the effects of solvation and solubility. For the overall reaction AgCl(s ) + H2O- kg aq) + Cr aq), the fol-... 

The properties of the drug (salt form, crystalline structure, formation of solvates, and solubility). 

The effects of solvation and solubility can also be explored using thermodynamic calcula-... 

Because ILs can absorbed significant amount of water from the atmosphere and trivial water is difficult to be removed, water becomes the most common impurity in ILs (Huddleston et al, 2001 Seddon et al, 2000 Takamuku et al., 2009). The existence of water in ILs may affect many of their physical and chemical properties, such as polarity, viscosity, conductivity, and reactivity as well as solvation and solubility properties (Brown et al., 2001 Cammarata et al., 2001 Najdanovic-Visak et al., 2003 Schroder et al., 2000 Widegren et al., 2005). 

Smith and Udseth [154] first described SFE-MS in 1983. Direct fluid injection (DFT) mass spectrometry (DFT-MS, DFI-MS/MS) utilises supercritical fluids for solvation and transfer of materials to a mass-spectrometer chemical ionisation (Cl) source. Extraction with scC02 is compatible with a variety of Cl reagents, which allow a sensitive and selective means for ionising the solute classes of interest. If the interfering effects of the sample matrix cannot be overcome by selective ionisation, techniques based on tandem mass spectrometry can be used [7]. In these cases, a cheaper and more attractive alternative is often to perform some form of chromatography between extraction and detection. In SFE-MS, on-line fractionation using pressure can be used to control SCF solubility to a limited extent. The main features of on-line SFE-MS are summarised in Table 7.20. It appears that the direct introduction into a mass spectrometer of analytes dissolved in supercritical fluids without on-line chromatography has not actively been pursued. 

Next consider the relationship between the free energy of solvation and the solubility of a solute. First, in keeping with all the developments above, we consider a solute that is a liquid in its pure state. By combining of Equations 55 and 61, we may write... 

S. R. Johnson, X. Q. Chen, D. Murphy, O. Gudmundsson, Computational models for the prediction of aqueous solubility that include crystal packing, solvation, and ionization, 232nd ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, United States, Sept. 10-14, 2006, COMP-321. 

The enthalpies of solution and solubilities reviewed here provide much of the experimental information required in the derivation of single-ion hydration and solvation enthalpies, Gibbs free energies, and entropies for scandium, yttrium, and lanthanide 3+ cations. 

Solubility, solvation, and partition properties of ligands and complexes are of central importance to many applications. Most... 

Nitronium salts are efficient and powerful nitrating agents. Nitronium tetrafluoroborate is the most commonly used nitronium salt for nitration and is commercially available as a solid or as a solution in sulfolane in which the ions are highly solvated and exist as an ion pair. Nitronium tetrafluoroborate shows poor solubility in most organic solvents and so the more soluble nitronium hexafluorophosphate is sometimes preferred for nitrations. Olah and co-workers - have studied the nitration of a vast array of aromatics with nitronium salts. Solutions of nitronium salts in aprotic organic solvents are useful for the nitration of acid sensitive or readily oxidized substrates. Nitronium tetrafluoroborate has been used for the... 

Solubilities, in water, ethanol, and ethanol-water mixtures, have been reported for [Fe(phen)3]-(0104)2, [Fe(phen)3]2[Fe(CN)6], and [Fe(phen)3][Fe(phen)(CN)4]. Solubilities of salts of several iron(II) iiimine complexes have been measured in a range of binary aqueous solvent mixtures in order to estimate transfer chemical potentials and thus obtain quantitative data on solvation and an overall picture of how solvation is affected by the nature of the ligand and the nature of the mixed solvent medium. Table 8 acts as an index of reports of such data published since 1986 earlier data may be tracked through the references cited below Table 8, and through the review of the overall pattern for iron(II) and iron(III) complexes (cf. Figure 1 in Section 5.4.1.7 above) published recently. ... 

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