Small Animals

The mouse anoxia or oxygen-consumption test is based on the stimulation of the basal metaboHc rate by thyromimetic compounds. Mice or other small animals are placed in airtight containers of known volume and their survival time is determined (34). 

Niclosamide [50-65-7] (2/5-dichloro-4 -nitrosahcylanihde) has been commonly used against tapeworms in small animals (5). Although tapeworms (cestodes) are frequently refractory to anthelmintics highly active against other intestinal parasites, they are sensitive to niclosamide as well as pra2iquantel [55268-74-1] and epsirantel. Pyrantel pamoate [22204-24-6] is probably the most common animal wormer used in the 1990s. 

The main agents of these losses are the microbes and small animals, such as springtails and mites, that inhabit the soil. These feed on organic matter that contains carbon and nitrogen and produce carbon dioxide and ammonium ions as waste products. Other bacteria convert the ammonium to nitrate. Like most of us, these organisms are most active when the conditions suit them best, and their preferred options are warmth and moisture. In early autumn, the soil is still warm... 

However, more recent work about using the PEG/PBT as a bone substimte in critical size defects in the iliac bone of goats and humans did not show the expected good bone-bonding and calcification behaviors. Reasons for the discrepancy with the earlier results in small animals may be caused by the differences in regenerative capacity between the species, the size of the defect, and the type of bone into which the substitute was implanted. 

Dickinson PJ, LeCouteur RA, Anderson JR, O Rourke KS, Ike RW, Pearl GS, Ghatak NR, Braund KG, Edwards RH, Round JM, et al. 2002. Muscle and nerve biopsy recommendations for the biopsy procedure and assessment of skeletal muscle biopsies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 32 63-102. 

Aldrin) on Large and Small Animals, 61st Annual Meeting, Am. Assoc. Econ. Entomol., Tampa, Fla., Paper 108, Dec. 13 to 16, 1949. 

The saying, "Knock on wood," comes from the ancient practice of woodcutters to knock on a tree before cutting to allow any spirits or small animals to vacate. 

A variety of species of laboratory animal are employed to study aerosol deposition for both efficacy and toxicity. It is important to recognize that the breathing parameters [17], not to mention the anatomy [18], of these animals differ substantially from humans. Table 3 shows a range of breathing parameters for several species of laboratory animal. Clearly there is a matter of scale involved in that small animals cannot generate the same airflow volumes as humans and to some extent compensate by increasing their respiratory rate. 

In small animals it is best that oral medications be ingested by the animal on its own, thus the special compounding with flavors and in appropriate textures discussed earlier. There are still occasions when an owner may have to open a pet s mouth and administer a pill through a piller, which is a tube with a plunger. 

Sometimes pastes are used in small animals by applying them to an animal s fur on the front paws. The animal will lick the paste oflf to stay clean. 

Nebulizers and aerosols are starting to be used in small animals. Kittenhood respiratory diseases seem to respond to nebulizers, as does feline asthma in adult cats. 

Percutaneous patches are used in small animals. Fentanyl is a drug used for pain control and is quite effective. Unfortunately, it is quite toxic to animals and young children if accidentally ingested. 

Creams and lotions may be used in animals, although they can be licked off by the patient and must be used with caution. Table 1 presents the doses and recommended dosage frequencies for selected drugs in small animals. 

A. D. Waston, Bioavailability and bioinequivalence of drug formulations in small animals, J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther, 15, 151 (1992). 

Figure 9.3 The whole-body counter of University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. The counter has a mobile shadow shield with two Nal(Tl) scintillation detectors (4x6 in) placed at opposite sites of the subject. The lead shielding is 100 cm long with a diameter of 90 cm. The scanner moves on rails over a distance of 240 cm with an adjustable speed. Extreme variations in geometry yield practically the same value for 59Fe activity. The equipment can be used for measurements in man and small animals.

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