Single cell analytics

Fig. 4 High-sensitivity electrical measurements can be made by designing analytical instrumentation with suitable electrical shielding close to the single cell measurement chamber. The device shown has an integrated single cell analytical chamber, similarto the type shown in Fig. 3, together with shielded amplifiers and a PC interface. The setup is common to the measurements from a family of single sensors, currently being produced in the author s laboratories.

High Resolntion Microbial Single Cell Analytics... 

PET 10] Petitbois C., Imaging methods for elemental, chemical, molecular, and morphological analyses of single cells . Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. 397, pp. 2051-2065,2010. 

The recent development and application of methodologies sensitive at the single cell wall level has shown that traditional bulk analytical techniques average out important intrinsic heterogeneity in sampled populations. By exploring the diversity of cell walls using novel cryopreservation techniques for electron microscopy and non-invasive... 

When coupled with an optical microscope, CL imaging is a potent analytical tool for the development of ultrasensitive enzymatic, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays, allowing spatial localization and semiquantitative evaluation of the distribution of the labeled probe in tissue sections or single cells to be performed. 

New Frontiers in Ultrasensitive Bioanalysis Advanced Analytical Chemistry Applications in Nanobiotechnology, Single Molecule Detection, and Single Cell Analysis. 

Optical fiber detectors (OFD) are devices that measure electromagnetic radiation transmitted through optical fibers to produce a quantitative signal in response to the chemical or biochemical recognition of a specific analyte. Ideally, an OFD should produce a specific and accurate measurement, continuously and reversibly, of the presence of a particular molecular species in a given sample medium. Additionally, OFD should pro vide maximum sensitivity and minimal interferences fromsuperfluous ions or molecules to obtain low detection limits. Other attractive features include the miniaturization of the fiber s tip to accommodate single-cell analysis and portable instrumentation to allow in situ analysis. 

Mass spectrometry is an indispensable analytical tool in chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacy, and medicine. No student, researcher or practitioner in these disciplines can really get along without a substantial knowledge of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry is employed to analyze combinatorial libraries [1,2] sequence biomolecules, [3] and help explore single cells [4,5] or other planets. [6] Structure elucidation of unknowns, environmental and forensic analytics, quality control of drugs, flavors and polymers they all rely to a great extent on mass spectrometry. [7-11]... 

The measurements can be made at various levels from that of subcellular organelles, to single cells, cell populations and even tissues. They can be made on either fixed cells or on live cells that are incubated under physiological conditions. They can be made in end point assays or kinetically, in real time. Compared to previous manual methods, automation provides a marked improvement in the capacity for sample and experiment throughput, the precision of measurement and in the sheer number and diversity of parameters measureable for an experiment. Consolidation of the technical capabilities allo vs unparalleled vhthin-experiment, cross-comparisons of biochemical, morphological and functional parameters. Compared to flo v cytometry it offers substantially greater analytic capability for morphometric and kinetic parameters, although for substantially lo ver numbers of cells. 

A major branch of analytical chemistry uses electrical measurements of chemical processes at the surface of an electrode for analytical purposes. For example, hormones released from a single cell can be measured in this manner. Principles developed in this chapter provide a foundation for potentiometry, redox titrations, electrogravimetric and coulometric analysis, voltammetry, and amperometry in the following chapters.1-2... 

The main advantages of immobilizing whole cells over the isolated enzymes are (i) cells are more resistant to changes in pH or temperature and (ii) a single cell can contain all the enzymes and cofactors needed for bioconversion of the analyte [82], Most of the whole cell-based optical biosensors used in toxicity or bioremediation studies [83,84] employ microorganisms [85— 87], animal [88], plant tissues [89,90] or cell receptors [91] as biorecognition elements. 

Selected topics in Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry instrumentation are discussed in depth, and numerous analytical application examples are given. In particular, optimization ofthe single-cell FTMS design and some of its analytical applications, like pulsed-valve Cl and CID, static SIMS, and ion clustering reactions are described. Magnet requirements and the software used in advanced FTICR mass spectrometers are considered. Implementation and advantages of an external differentially-pumped ion source for LD, GC/MS, liquid SIMS, FAB and LC/MS are discussed in detail, and an attempt is made to anticipate future developments in FTMS instrumentation. 

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