Silicon, Germanium, and Lead

Cyclic stannasilanes have been prepared by these methods, and by the Wurtz modification (e.g. equation 19-24)63 

The stannylsilanes, particularly Bu3SnSiMe3, are finding increasing use in organic synthesis in the palladium- or platinum-catalysed stannylsilylation of alkynes and dienes, and in the reactions involving the halide-induced formation of stannyl anions.65 

Some examples of the use of these reactions in organic synthesis are shown in equations 19-27,19-28, 19-29, -71 and 19-30. -72 

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Tin is a member of Group 14 (IVA) in the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical elements are related to one another. Tin is also part of the carbon family. Other carbon family elements include carbon, silicon, germanium, and lead. 

The prediction of shifts is still best done by correlation with the data that have been tabulated for closely related compounds. The correlations with the chemical shifts of the corresponding compounds of silicon, germanium, and lead which are referred to above, may also be useful. 

In the periodic table of the elements, tin is listed in group 14, together with the elements carbon, silicon, germanium, and lead. The four electrons... 

The most stable clusters of tin, as well as of the rest of the elements in this group except carbon, are, by far, the nine-atom clusters. As mentioned above, Sng was the first deltahedral cluster to be structurally characterized. While Geg was added very soon after, nine-atom clusters of lead and silicon were found respectively 20 and 30 years later. ° Thus, the following discussion of geometry, charges, cluster-bonding, and electronic structure is valid not only for tin clusters, but also for those of silicon, germanium, and lead. 

The oxidation state -1-4 is predominantly covalent and the stability of compounds with this oxidation state generally decreases with increasing atomic size (Figure 8.1). It is the most stable oxidation state for silicon, germanium and tin, but for lead the oxidation state +4 is found to be less stable than oxidation state +2 and hence lead(IV) compounds have oxidising properties (for example, see p. 194). 

The less common heteroatoms are those other than nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur (arid selenium and tellurium which are treated alongside sulfur), i.e. phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, the halogens, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, boron and the transition metals. 

Reichle, W. T. Preparation, Properties, and Thermal Decomposition Products of Organoazides of Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead, Phosphorus, and Sulfur. Inorg. Chem. 3, 402 (1964). 

MI 424-01 A. F. El Farargy, H. Fobbe, R. Marx and W. P. Neumann Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead... 

A bond between two lead atoms is found46 in hexamethyl dilead, Pbj(CH ) . The Pb—Pb bond length, 2.88 0.03 A, is about that expected from the tetrahedral radius of lead, as is the Pb—C bond length, 2.25 0.0G A. This substance is, of course, similar to hexa-methyletham and the corresponding compounds of silicon, germanium, and tin. 

Of all the reactions studied, only the synthesis of nitrogen oxides and acetylene in arcs or plasma torches and that of ozone in glow and corona discharges are of major importance. In addition, a few small-scale preparations of inorganic compounds have been developed, e.g. synthesis of hydrazine and of hydrides and halides of silicon, germanium, tin, lead, phosphorus or arsenic 3> ... 

L. V. Gurvich, I. V. Veyts, and C. B. Alcock, Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Substances, Vol. 2 Elements Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead, and Their Compounds, Pt. 1 Methods and Computation, Hemisphere, New York, 1991. 

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