Shutter-based switch

The CGH can be either a fixed element as would be used for fan out in a shutter-based switch or a dynamic pattern displayed on a liquid crystal SLM. A simple example of a hologram is the 2-D grating or square wave shown in Fig. 28. 

Figure 40. The basic format of an n by n shutter-based switch.

Damman grating to replicate the source inputs. The use of the CGH to replicate the inputs comes from the CGH property that the spots in the replay field are the Fourier transform of input illumination. Since only one channel is likely to be required at each output, those not required can be blocked using liquid crystal shutters. Such switches are based on the Stanford vector matrix multiplier (SVMM) [50] related switching devices [51]. When implemented using a CGH to fan out, and with a 2D array of inputs (rather than the 1D arrays of the SVMM) to simplify the free space optics, these are called matrix - matrix switches [52]. This kind of structure is found in a range of optical processing architectures (see Sec. 2.4). For a symmetrical switch with n inputs and n outputs, an array of nxn shutters is required. 

Quantum transients are temporary features that appear in the time evolution of matter waves before they reach a stationary regime. They usually arise as a result of a sudden switch interaction that modifies the confinement of particles in a spatial region or after the preparation of a decaying sfafe [48]. The archetypical quantum transient phenomena is diffraction in time which consists of the sudden opening of a shutter to release a semi-infinite beam producing temporal and spatial oscillations of the time evolving wave [49]. A common feature in the mathematical description of quantum transient phenomena is the Moshinsky function, which as we have seen is closely related to the Faddeyeva function. Since in a recent review [48] there appears a discussion on transient phenomena for the dynamics of tunneling based on the present resonant state formalism [54, 66-76], here we restrict the discussion to the time evolution of quantum decay. 

The answer to this question has become even more important with the advent of modern liquid crystal display technologies, that are based on reliable and technologically controllable surface alignment of liquid crystals, used in a variety of electrooptic devices, such as liquid crystal displays, light modulators, optical shutters, switches, holographic systems, etc. 

In 1994, ferroelectric shutters (FLC) were introduced as an alternative to mechanical shutters [11]. FLC devices are polarization based shutters that can be switched in about 50 ps. Using two shutters simultaneously prompt autofiuorescence was effectively suppressed by a factor of 10. FLC shutters have poor transmission for UV light and were therefore only used at the emission side. Also, the switching time of 50 ps allows detection of relatively long-lived luminescence only. 

The microlens array is a useful component for optical interconnections, optical fiber switches, shutters of optical super-resolution devices, light deflection devices, and image processing. In 3-D display systems based on integral photography, the microlens array with dynamically... 

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