Short working distance objective

One mitigating feature of LCP polymer microstructures is that they often are quenchable, due to the relatively slow kinetics of ciystallization. Thus one can examine microstructures at resolutions that are inaccessible while the specimen is enclosed in a heating stage. (Objectives with the highest numerical apertures have a short working distance, and all objectives should be protected from above-ambient temperatures.) However, the gain in resolving power may not be sufficient to offset the decrease in microstructural scale. 

Upright microscope Specimen placed below the objective lens Tissue slice (histology work) High resolution but short working distance... 

Microneedle puller micromanipulator and needle holder inverted microscope, preferentially equipped with both short (x 63 or X100) and long (x40) working distance phase objective lens glass capillaries ... 

The objective in the VRPTW is to minimize the number of drivers and/or minimize the tottil cost of the routes while satisfying aU constraints. Cost is a function of total distance and on-road time. The output is a set of routes, each of which specifies a sequence of customers and starts and ends at the depot. Because of the short-term planning horizon, the drivers need to be notified for work before the problem is solved. In many cases, therefore, the number of drivers may be estimated and assumed given the objective then becomes to minimize total cost. 

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