SHOP-type catalyst

Table 10.2. Ethene oligomer formation measured in laboratory batch reactor at 100°C and 80 atm pressure with a SHOP-type catalyst.

SCHEME 16.5 Multicomponent Ni and Pd (a) acac-type and (b) SHOP-type catalysts/initiators for the polymerization of norbornene. 

Grubbs group [31, 32] developed another type of Ni-based catalyst. This neutral Ni-catalyst, based on salicylaldimine ligands, is active in ethene polymerisation without any co-activator and originated from the Shell higher olefin process (SHOP). Shortly thereafter another active neutral P,0-chelated nickel catalysts for polymerisation of ethene in emulsion was developed by Soula et al. [33, 34, 35]. The historical development of single site catalysts is represented in Fig. 1. 

The chelate effect is important in the oxidative additions of P—C bonds which, in the case of nickel, give P—O and P—N chelate complexes of the type used as ethylene oligomerization catalysts in the Shell higher olefin process (SHOP),91 for example,... 

The opposite of entry 2 is the phase combination of entry 5, a fully organic reaction in the presence of an aqueous phase which contains the catalyst. This type of reaction system is the most often used for the technical realization of aqueous-phase organometallic-catalyzed reactions, for instance in the oligomerization of ethylene using the SHOP process (cf. Section 7.1) or in the Ruhrchemie/Rhone-Poulenc process (cf. Section 6.1.1) of propene hydroformylation (see also Section 4.2.2). 

---