Shake-up and multiplet splitting

All the chemical shift, shake-up and multiplet splitting information of XPS is, in principle, available in AES (9,10). The interpretation is more complex, however, because of the three levels involved in the process. In practice, Auger chemical shifts, etc., have not been nearly so widely exploited as they have in XPS. The empirical database is to date much more limited and again the habit of recording in the first derivative mode, often with poor resolution (to increase sensitivity for fast semi-quantitative elemental analyses) has obscured the usefulness of the chemical information. The exceptions to these remarks are usually from XPS practitioners who take their x-ray induced Auger data in the same manner as the XPS data and treat the analysis on an equal footing (9). 

Figure 6 Extrinsic and intrinsic loss features in XPS. (A) CuO Cu 2p shake-up sateiiites, (B) C Is and n->n shake-up satellite, (C) NiO Ni 2p shake-up and multiplet splitting, and (D) Al plasmon loss feature from pure aluminum.

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