Sessile marine invertebrates and algae

An increasing number of specialized interactions between small mobile invertebrates and chemically defended algae or sessile invertebrates have been reported in the marine environment,6167183 and such interactions are also well known between terrestrial plants and insects.200 However, there is some debate as to the ultimate factors driving this ecological specialization. Several authors have suggested that a plant s value as a refuge from predators (i.e., enemy-free space 84201) may be more important than the value of the plant as a food resource,202 but this... 

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