Self-supported

Buckminster Fuller was the inventor of self-supporting polygon frameworks, e.g., of pavilions. Synonyms (root)ballene, buckminsterfullerenc( BF ), carbosoccer, soo r(ball)ene, spherene. The proposed bridged-fused ring system and von-Baeyer names and numberings vary. 

The roof of the typical furnace collapses unless it is built as a spmng or self-supporting arch, or is flat but suspended, along with the rest of the furnace, from an enclosing stmctural framework. All modem power-plant waterwaH furnaces of any significant megawatt rating are of suspended constmction. 

Mechanical Considerations and Fiber Dimensions. The hoUow fiber is self-supporting, and is actuaUy a thick waU cylinder. The ratio... 

Eig. 2. Specialty wires (a) appHance wires (b) instmmentation wires (c) distribution wires and (d) aerial self-supporting wires. 

Cold-roUed alloys of lead with 0.06 wt % teUurium often attain ultimate tensile strengths of 25—30 MPa (3625—5350 psi). High mechanical strength, excellent creep resistance, and low levels of alloying elements have made lead—teUurium aUoys the primary material for nuclear shielding for smaU reactors such as those aboard submarines. The aUoy is self-supporting and does not generate secondary radiation. 

ASTM D635, Test Methodfor Rate of Burning andj or Extent and Time of Burning of Self-Supporting Plastics in a Hori yontal Position, Vol. 8.01, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1991. 

Fig. 4. Fixed-roof tanks (a) self-supported cone roof (b) center-supported cone roof (c) column-supported cone roof and (d) dome or umbrella roof...

Cone-Roof Tanks. Cone-roof tanks are cylindrical shells having a vertical axis of symmetry. The bottom is usually flat and the top made ia the form of a shallow cone. These are the most widely used tanks for storage of relatively large quantities of fluid because they are economic to build and the market supports a number of contractors capable of building them. They can be shop-fabricated ia small sizes but are most often field-erected. Cone-roof tanks typically have roof rafters and support columns except ia very small-diameter tanks when they are self-supporting (see Fig. 4b and c Table 3). 

Umbrella- and Dome-Roof Tanks. UmbreHa-roof tanks are similar to cone-roof tanks, but have roofs that look like umbreHas. They are usuaHy constmcted to diameters not much larger than 60 ft (18 m). These tank roofs can be self-supporting, ie, having no column supports that must be mn to the bottom of the tank (see Fig. 4d). 

Tlie piismatic sealed cells are not self-supporting and are nomiaUy used in battery operation where the battery case is used to constrain cell cases because internal cell pressures in the range of 690 kPa (100 psi) are common. 

By far the majority of sealed cells are of the small cylindrical self-supporting type in the familiar "C," and "D" commercial sizes such as that... 

The resistance of graphite to thermal shock, its stabiUty at high temperatures, and its resistance to corrosion permit its use as self-supporting vessels to contain reactions at elevated temperatures (800—1700°C), eg, self-supporting reaction vessels for the direct chlorination of metal and alkaline-earth oxides. The vulnerabiUty of cemented joints in these appHcations requires close tolerance ( 0.10 mm) machining, a feat easily accompHshed on graphite with conventional metal machining equipment. 

Dome-roof tonk — self-supported roof... 

Self-supporting ceramic domes have been in successful use for... 

FIG. 26-22 Multireactor knockout (K-O) drum/catch tank a) plan view of reactors connected to horizontal containment vessel (h) back-to-back bursting disc assembly (c) elevation of self-supporting vessel (d) elevation of horizontal vessel on roof of building (e) elevation of horizontal vessel on side of building. 

The fuel value of most solid wastes is usually sufficient to enable self-supporting combustion, leaving only the incombustible residue and redlicing the volume of waste eventually consigned to sanitaiy landfills to only 10 to 15 percent of the original volume. The heat released by the combustion of waste can be recovered and utilized, although the cost of the recoveiy equipment or the distance to a suitable point of use for the heat may make its recoveiy economically infeasible. 

Self-Supporting Stack - This type of unit is designed so that the flare riser pipe has no lateral strucmral support. For short flares, this type is the least expensive to erect and maintain. 

Duct support The spacing of hangers or supports on a duct run to ensure that it is capable of self-support with any imposed load. 

Pocket An extended-surface filter in which the medium is formed into pockets or hags through which the dust-laden gas flows. They may be supported by the air pressure or self-supporting. 

Sintered filters A self-supporting sinteted element used in gas cleaning systems. 

Some deficiencies in the integrated systems may be seen at once others will be visible only after project resources have been withdrawn and the system is self-supporting. It is important to examine the integration straight after installation and a few months later. These reviews should draw on the results of the independent audits and should involve staff from the pilot... 

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