Selected Examples of Industrial Processes

Examples of these technologies with the exception of asymmetric catalysis (cf Section 3.3) will be delineated in the following sections. 

Hydrogenation reactions are widely used in fine chemicals manufacture, for example 10-20% of all the reaction steps in the synthesis of vitamins are catalytic hydrogenations. 

Catalysts most frequently used are noble metals, on various supports, generally performed in liquid phase 

Equation 8-13 shows an example for a chemoselective hydrogenation of a nitro-group in the presence of C=C, C=0, C=N, as well as Cl- or Br-substituents (Novartis) [7]  

Another example (Eq. 8-14) deals with the direct hydrogenation of carboxylic acids to the corresponding aldehydes using a bimetallic Ru/Sn-catalyst (Rhone-Pou- 

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