Sediment sample collection

Delumyea and McCleary report data for the determination of %w/w organic material in sediment samples collected at different depths from a cove on the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, FL. After collecting the sediment core it was sectioned into a set of 2-cm increments. Each increment was placed in 50 mb of deionized water and the slurry filtered through a piece of preweighed filter paper. The filter paper and sediment increment were then placed in a preweighed evaporating dish and dried in an oven at... 

In random samples of soil taken from five Alabama counties, only 3 of 46 soil samples contained methyl parathion. The concentration in these samples was <0.1 ppm (Albright et al. 1974). Aspartofthe National Soils Monitoring Program, soil and crop samples from 37 states were analyzed for methyl parathion during 1972. Methyl parathion was detected in only 1 soil sample, at a concentration of <0.1 ppm and taken from South Dakota, out of 1,246 total samples taken from the 37 states (Carey et al. 1979). In soil and sediment samples collected from a watershed area in Mississippi, methyl parathion was not detected in the soil samples. In three wetland sediment cores, however, measurable concentrations of methyl parathion were detected during application season (Cooper 1991). 

Endosulfan has been identified in 162 soil and 45 sediment samples collected at 131 of the 164 NPL hazardous waste sites where it was detected in some environmental media (HazDat 2000). 

Staples et al. (1985) reported that acrylonitrile was not present at detectable concentrations in 352 sediment samples collected from lake and river bottoms across the United States. Preliminary data from the contract Laboratory Program (CLP) Statistical Database (CLPSD 1988) indicated that acrylonitrile was detected in soils at 3 of 862 hazardous waste sites (including NPL and other sites) being investigated under Superfund. The median concentration of five samples was 120 pg/kg. 

Eljarrat E, Labandeira A, Marsh G, Raldua D, Barcelo D (2007) Decabrominated diphenyl ether in river fish and sediment samples collected downstream an industrial park. Chemo-sphere 69 1278-1286... 

Lee [2] using a hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometric method has investigated the bioaccumulation of bismuth on marine sediment samples collected in Narragensett Bay and the North Pacific Ocean. 

Past use of endrin as an agricultural pesticide has been the principal source of its release to soils or aquatic sediments. There is also a potential for release of endrin, endrin aldehyde, and endrin ketone to soils and sediments from hazardous waste sites. Endrin has been detected in soil samples collected at 44 of the 102 NPL sites, and in sediment samples collected at 19 of the 102 NPL sites where endrin has been detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1996). Endrin ketone has been detected in soil samples collected at 23 of the 37 NPL sites, and in sediment samples collected at 5 of the 37 NPL sites where endrin ketone has been detected in some environmental medium (HazDat 1996). No information was found on detections of endrin aldehyde in soils or sediments at any NPL hazardous waste site (HazDat 1996). 

No information was found in the available literature on levels of endrin aldehyde in soil or endrin ketone in sediment or soil. Endrin ketone has been detected in soil samples collected at 23 of the 37 NPL sites and in sediment samples collected at 5 of the 37 NPL sites where endrin ketone has been detected in some environmental medium however, concentrations were not reported (HazDat 1996). 

Mirex was identified in sediment samples collected in 1979 from Bloody Run Creek, which is a drainage ditch for the Hyde Park landfill in Niagara Falls, New York. Mirex levels in the sediment ranged from 0.5 to 2 mg/kg (ppm) (detection limit, 0.5 mg/kg [ppm]) (Elder et al. 1981). 

In the sediment of a discharge pond of a phthalate ester plant located on the Chester River in Maryland, di-ra-octylphthalate was detected at a concentration of 12,000 ppb. In sediment samples from the Chester River taken 2 km and 8 km downstream from the plant, the compound was found at concentrations of 62 and <5 ppb, respectively (Peterson and Freeman 1984). In the sediment of a river that received industrial waste water from a specialty chemical manufacturing plant, di-n-octylphthalate was detected at concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 25 ppm (Jungclaus et al. 1978). At the Dixie Caverns Landfill NPL site located in Salem, Virginia, di-n-octylphthalate was detected on-site at a concentration of 80 ppm (ATSDR 1988) however, the media in which this concentration was detected was not specified. Off-site sediment samples collected at the Revere Chemical Company NPL site located in Revere, Pennsylvania, were found to contain 2,300 ppb di-n-octylphthalate (ATSDR 1989c). 

The primary method for the disposal of liquid pesticide wastes in California in the past has involved soil evaporation pits, ditches, and ponds (Winterlin et al. 1989). A core soil sample taken from one such pit in northern California contained 44 mg/kg disulfoton at a depth of 90 cm (Winterlin et al. 1989). Disulfoton was detected in six of seven bottom soil samples from tail water pits used to collect irrigation runoff in Haskell County, Kansas, in 1974. The maximum and mean concentrations of disulfoton in these samples were 32.7 and 13.42 pg/kg respectively (Kadoum and Mock 1978). At a detection limit of 0.01 mg/kg, disulfoton was not detected in sediment samples collected from Lakes Superior and Huron, including Georgian Bay, in 1974 (Glooschenko et al. 1976). 

Spores may be transferred from soil and plants to the sea via rainwater, causing the prevalence in coastal waters of the same C. botulinum types as on the land. Such a correlation was observed in Great Britain, where the type B predominates both in soil and in bottom sediments. Similarly, 71% of fish and bottom-sediment samples collected in southern France were contaminated with type B, while C. botulinum type E was found only in 9.6% of samples (Each et al., 2002). However, it is commonly believed that non-proteolytic type E is characteristic for the marine environment. A distinguishing feature of type E strains is the ability to grow in low temperatures (about 3°C), which are typical for bottom layers of seas and oceans. Moreover, the bottom sediments provide anaerobic conditions for the outgrowth of Clostridium. Therefore, the marine environment promotes C. botulinum type E distribution. This has been further supported by the rate of fish and seafood contamination fish and seafood isolated in many countries are most frequently contaminated with C. botulinum type E (Dodds, 1993 a,b). Furthermore, epidemiological studies have shown that the majority of botulism cases linked to fish and seafood consumption reported between 1950 and 1996 in the U.S. were caused by C. botulinum type E (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1998). C. botulinum type F,... 

An average value of 6.3 was experimentally determined using 10 suspended sediment samples collected from the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers (Lau et al., 1989). 

Geochemical data consist of analyses of 485 pond sediment samples collected as part of the 1970s National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) program (http //tin.er.usgs.gov/geochemO. 

Diazinon has been identified in top soil samples (<3 inches deep), subsurface samples (>3 inches deep), soil samples with unspecified depth, and in sediment samples collected at 4, 2, 4, and 4 current or former NPL hazardous waste sites, respectively, where diazinon was detected in some environmental media (HazDat 1996). 

PBBs have been identified in 12 soil and 5 sediment samples collected from 1,613 NPL hazardous waste sites (HazDat 2002). 

PAHs in soil may partition into soil organic matter (SOM) or adsorb on soil minerals. The sorptive properties of SOM fractions for organic contaminants in soil play an important role on the transportation of PAHs in soil. Xiao et al. (2004) has reported that soil/sediment organic matter can be fractionated into four fractions with a combined wet chemical procedure and that kerogen and black carbon (BC) are major SOM components in soil/sediment samples collected from the industrialized suburban areas of Guangzhou, China. Phenanthrene and naphthalene were used as the sorbates to study PAH s sorption isotherms on four original and four Soxhlet-extracted soil/sediment samples, 15 isolated SOM fractions, and a char as the sorbents. The sorption isotherms of phenanthrene and naphthalene on all the sorbents were variously nonlinear. The particulate kerogen and black carbon (KB) fractions... 

Our studies on levels of OCPs in sediments collected from rivers in northern Peninsular Malaysia showed similar distributions (Hossain, 2001 Tan, 2001 Syahidah et al., 2003). Table 14.3 summarizes the concentration levels of some of the POP chemicals in sediments collected in Malaysia. Two studies have reported on coastal sediments from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. In the 1995 study, Wood et al. (1999) reported the presence of most OCPs in sediment samples collected in this area. The mean concentrations of the OCPs were similar to the findings of our study (Hossain, 2001) on similar samples 4 years later (Table 14.3). For example, the total heptachlor found was 3.74 pg kg-1 in the 1995 study and 1.84pg kg-1 in the 1999 survey. 

Kemble, N.E., Ingersoll, C.G. and Kunz, J.L. (2002) Toxicity assessment of sediment samples collected from North Carolina streams, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, Missouri, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO, Final Report CERC-8335-FY03-20-01, 69 pages. 

Comparisons of SED-TOX scores are only meaningful when made between sediment samples collected at the same time and evaluated with the same toxicity tests this is however not always possible. Therefore, the effects of inconsistency in test selection and in the temporal scale of sediment sampling on the SED-TOX scores has to be established. 

Figure 2. Multiple bioassay examination of porewaters and elutriates of two sediment samples collected from the River Saar. The pT scale is based on a geometric dilution series with the factor 2. Bed surface sample AW 1 ( , ) and core sample AW 2 (, O), (Krebs, 1999).

Sediment sample collected with a corer. The advantage of corers is that they preserve the vertical profile of the chemical constituents of the sediment. This allows for sediments to be sub-sampled to specific depths. Volume 2(9). 

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