Second approach

This paper compares experimental data for aluminium and steel specimens with two methods of solving the forward problem in the thin-skin regime. The first approach is a 3D Finite Element / Boundary Integral Element method (TRIFOU) developed by EDF/RD Division (France). The second approach is specialised for the treatment of surface cracks in the thin-skin regime developed by the University of Surrey (England). In the thin-skin regime, the electromagnetic skin-depth is small compared with the depth of the crack. Such conditions are common in tests on steels and sometimes on aluminium. 

The second approach - creation of systems for non-destructive testing quality assurance in compliance with ISO standards 9000 series - considers the quality system as an assembly of organisational strueture, procedures, processes and resources necessary for overall quality management at the laboratory. This approach requires methodieal development. 

A second approach, due originally to Nos e [ ] and refomuilated in a usefiil way by Hoover [M], is to introduce an extra thennal reservoir variable into the dynamical equations ... 

The solution Xh(t) of the linearized equations of motion can be solved by standard NM techniques or, alternatively, by explicit integration. We have experimented with both and found the second approach to be far more efficient and to work equally well. Its handling of the random force discretization is also more straightforward (see below). For completeness, we describe both approaches here. 

A second approach involved direct chemical synthesis of polymers by connecting appropriately... 

A second approach to gravimetry is to thermally or chemically decompose a solid sample. The volatile products of the decomposition reaction may be trapped and weighed to provide quantitative information. Alternatively, the residue remaining when decomposition is complete may be weighed. In thermogravimetry, which is one form of volatilization gravimetry, the sample s mass is continuously monitored while the applied temperature is slowly increased. 

Two approaches have been used to separate the analyte from its matrix in particulate gravimetry. The most common approach is filtration, in which solid particulates are separated from their gas, liquid, or solid matrix. A second approach uses a liquid-phase or solid-phase extraction. 

A second approach for determining the piQ of an acid is to replot the titration curve in a linear form as a Gran plot. For example, earlier we learned that the titration of a weak acid with a strong base can be plotted in a linear form using the following equation... 

A second approach is to prepare a series of solutions, each of which contains the same amount of indicator. Two solutions are used to determine values for Anin and Ain. Rewriting equation 10.25 in logarithmic form and rearranging... 

A second approach to coulometry is to use a constant current in place of a constant potential (Figure 11.23). Controlled-current coulometry, also known as amperostatic coulometry or coulometric titrimetry, has two advantages over controlled-potential coulometry. First, using a constant current makes for a more rapid analysis since the current does not decrease over time. Thus, a typical analysis time for controlled-current coulometry is less than 10 min, as opposed to approximately 30-60 min for controlled-potential coulometry. Second, with a constant current the total charge is simply the product of current and time (equation 11.24). A method for integrating the current-time curve, therefore, is not necessary. 

A second approach to improving resolution is to adjust alpha, a. In fact, when a is nearly 1, it usually is not possible to improve resolution by adjusting ki or N. Changes in a often have a more dramatic effect on resolution than k. For example, changing a from 1.1 to 1.5 improves resolution by 267%. 

A second approach modifies the CA resist chemistry. Eor example, researchers have introduced basic additives into the resist formulation to minimize the impact of surface contamination of the resist film (82,83). A resist that already contains added base (and consequendy requites a larger imaging dose) should be less affected by the absorption of small amounts of basic contaminants. Systems of this type have been claimed to have improved resolution as well. The rationalization here is that the acid that diffuses into the unexposed regions of the resist film is neutralized and does not contribute to image degradation (84,85). 

Unsaturated Polyesters. There are two approaches used to provide flame retardancy to unsaturated polyesters. These materials can be made flame resistant by incorporating halogen when made, or by adding some organic halogen compound when cured. In either case a synergist is needed. The second approach involves the addition of a hydrated filler. At least an equal amount of filler is used. 

A second approach to the production of weapons material was the uranium electromagnetic separation process, based on research at the University... 

Processes for HDPE with Broad MWD. Synthesis of HDPE with a relatively high molecular weight and a very broad MWD (broader than that of HDPE prepared with chromium oxide catalysts) can be achieved by two separate approaches. The first is to use mixed catalysts containing two types of active centers with widely different properties (50—55) the second is to employ two or more polymerization reactors in a series. In the second approach, polymerization conditions in each reactor are set drastically differendy in order to produce, within each polymer particle, an essential mixture of macromolecules with vasdy different molecular weights. Special plants, both slurry and gas-phase, can produce such resins (74,91—94). 

Restraining a gaseous plasma from expanding and compressing is also a form of plasma modification. Two reasons for plasma confinement are maintenance of the plasma and exclusion of contaminants. Plasmas may be confined by surrounding material, eg, the technique of wall confinement (23). A second approach to confinement involves the use of magnetic fields. The third class of confinement schemes depends on the inertial tendency of ions and associated electrons to restrain a plasma explosion for a brief but usehil length of time, ie, forces active over finite times are required to produce outward particle velocities. This inertial confinement is usually, but not necessarily, preceded by inward plasma motion and compression. 

A second approach for the synthesis of 6-formylpterin (23) involves the condensation of triamin opyrimidinone (10) with 5-deoxy-L-arabinose (26). The key diol is obtained in four steps starting from compound (10). Cleavage of the diol side chain is achieved either with periodate (39) or with lead(TV) (40) to furnish 6-formylpterin (23) in 45% overall yield. 

The second approach, changing the environment, is a widely used, practical method of preventing corrosion. In aqueous systems, there are three ways to effect a change in environment to inhibit corrosion (/) form a protective film of calcium carbonate on the metal surface using the natural calcium and alkalinity in the water, (2) remove the corrosive oxygen from the water, either by mechanical or chemical deaeration, and (3) add corrosion inhibitors. 

A second approach utilizes the oxidation of alow mobiUty substituted 4-hydroxydiphenylamine to which an image dye is linked through a sulfonamide group. Oxidation and hydrolysis result in ting closure and release of the alkaU-soluble dye (eq. 2). 

A large number of pyridazines are synthetically available from [44-2] cycloaddition reactions. In one general method, azo or diazo compounds are used as dienophiles, and a second approach is based on the reaction between 1,2,4,5-tetrazines and various unsaturated compounds. The most useful azo dienophile is a dialkyl azodicarboxylate which reacts with appropriate dienes to give reduced pyridazines and cinnolines (Scheme 89). With highly substituted dienes the normal cycloaddition reaction is prevented, and, if the ethylenic group in styrenes is substituted with aryl groups, indoles are formed preferentially. The cycloadduct with 2,3-pentadienal acetal is a tetrahydropyridazine derivative which has been used for the preparation of 2,5-diamino-2,5-dideoxyribose (80LA1307). 

The truncation error of this approach is Aa." (Ref. 106). The second approach uses the average of the transport coefficients on either side. 

Exploitation of Boundary Curvature A second approach to boundaiy crossing exploits boundaiy curvature in order to produce compositions in different distillation regions. When distillation boundaries exhibit extreme curvature, it may be possible to design a column such that the distillate and bottoms are on the same residue curve in one distillation region, while the feed (which is not required to lie on the column-composition profile) is in another distillation region. In order for such a column to meet material-balance constraints (i.e., bottom, distillate, feed on a straight hne), the feed must be located in a region where the boundary is concave. 

The second approach to characterize wetting considers the abihty of the fluid to penetrate a powder bed. It involves the measurement of the extent and rate of fluid rise by capillaiy suction into a column of powder, better known as the Washburn test. Considering the powder to consist of capillaries of radius R, the equilibrium height of rise... 

In the second approach, the reconcihation is done sequentially from module to module within the unit under stuc. This is done typically following the primary direction of material flow. This approach reconciles the measurements for each module in turn, progressing through the entire unit under study. Consequently, the reconciled measurements from the first module are used in the reconcihation of... 

The second approach, that of surface coating, is more difficult, and that means more expensive. But it is often worth it. Hard, corrosion resistant layers of alloys rich in tungsten, cobalt, chromium or nickel can be sprayed onto surfaces, but a refinishing process is almost always necessary to restore the dimensional tolerances. Hard ceramic coatings such as AbO, Cr203, TiC, or TiN can be deposited by plasma methods and these not only give wear resistance but resistance to oxidation and... 

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