Sapphire flash lamp

An interesting example of the use of the flash technique with solutions is found in studies by Grossweiner and Matheson135 with iodides. By the use of a sapphire flash lamp, which emits wavelengths shorter than one made of quartz, the iodide ion can be shown to undergo the reaction... 

However, such up-conversion lasers in crystals are still limited to low temperatures for CW operation (Tong et al. 1989, Hebert et al. 1990, Macfariane et al. 1988, Scott et al. 1993, Stephens and Macfariane 1993), because the laser schemes are generally of the 3-level type. Room-temperature laser operation of KYF4 Er + and LiYF4 Er was recently obtained in the green in pulsed operation with a flash-lamp-pumped Ti.sapphire laser as an ESA pump (Brede et al. 1993). 

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