Salivary gland

In other species, especially the Gottingen miniature pig, Booth established that androgens promote the abundant appearance of distinctive metabolites of testosterone, often exceeding 2 mmol/g wet weight [23]. The primary products are odorous steroids of the unusual 16a-androstene series, especially 3a-androstenol, 5a- 

Other studies have shown that mouse kidney contains a receptor system specific for testosterone and this is lost in the testicular feminization mutant. Certainly, androgens are primarily responsible for the induction of /3-glucuronidase, but part of the response could be attributable to progesterone receptors. In this context, var- 

The need has been recognized for some time to develop steroids with a higher anabolic function, for use in the treatment of muscular dystrophy, weak stature, obesity, certain forms of eczema and psoriasis to cite but a few common problems of health. The phenotypic effects of testosterone can be arbitrarily subdivided into two classes of response anabolic, essentially meaning an increase in the strength and size of skeletal muscle and strictly adrogenic, referring basically to the establishment and maintenance of the male reproductive apparatus and associated sex- 

Kochakian was the first to demonstrate the effects of androgens of the liver, not only in terms of size and morphology, but also with respect to enzymic composition fumarase, catalase and D-amino acid oxidase activities were particularly sensitive to androgenic manipulation [32]. Subsequent studies confirmed and extended our understanding of the androgenic responses in liver, but illustrated that they were subject to extreme species variation. No common pattern of hepatic responses to androgens has emerged. 

The liver of several species of inbred rats has provided a novel experimental system for studying the mechanism of action of androgens. The protein, a-2u-globu-lin, constitutes 50% of the urinary protein in male rats and its specific mRNA represents a remarkable 2% of the total hepatic mRNA the protein is virtually undetectable in female rats. In response to androgens, male rats synthesize a unique 

A similar approach to tumor uptake mechanism has been presented (5iL) In this case, the gallium-67 is assumed to accumulate in tumor cells in an unknown manner because of Increased deposition of the radionuclide at the tumor site in an inflammatory response. Because acute inflammation is associated with increased capillary blood flow and permeability ( ) as well as capillary sprouting (86), these changes allow more Ga to be delivered to the tumor site. This simple mechanism offers the advantage of explaining why gallium accumulates only in viable (not necrotic) neoplasms (53.) and that it may operate 

ACS Symposium Series American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1980. 

The similarity between gallium and the alkaline earth elements has been developed in a different explanation for gallium tumor uptake (87.88.8bl, Because the lack of tumor specificity in uptake suggests that a simple mechanism is 

Using cultured mammalian sarcoma cells, it has been found that transferrin is necessary in the growth medium for galllum-67 uptake to occur (95,96.97). A transferrin receptor on EMT-6 sarcoma cells for 25i iabeled transferrin was characterized by Scatchard analysis to have an average association constant K = 4.54 X 10 1/mole and approximately (with variation) 500,000 receptors per cell ( ). It was proposed that tumor accumulation of galllum-67 can occur only if the metal is complexed with transferrin so that it can interact with the receptors of tumor, as well as non-mallgnant cells (.33). The complex then enters the cell via an adsorptive endocytosis process (95.96.97.98.99) similar to the manner in which iron is taken up by reticulocytes and bone marrow cells (100.101). These transferrin receptors are saturable (that is, a plot of 125i transferrin uptake versus extracellular transferrin concentration reaches a peak ( at about 200 u g/ml) as more carrier transferrin is added to the medium) (95). Since uptake is also proportional to the fraction of 

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Diastase or amylase is formed when malt is produced by the germination of barley grains. Malt is therefore a good source of the enzyme. Diastase is also secreted by the salivary glands (when it is known as ptyalin), and also by the pancreas. Its function is to hydrolysef starch to a mixture of maltose and dextrin ... 

The same author found Z-hyoscine sixteen to eighteen times as active as the d-isomeride in antagonising the action of pilocarpine on the termination of nerves in the salivary glands, -while both isomerides are equally active on nerve ends in striated and unstriated muscle and on the central nervous system. 

It resembles atropine in its range of activity but in particular types of action it may differ quantitatively thus its action on the pupil is equal to that of atropine but shorter in duration, and that is also true of its antagonisni to the effect of acetylcholine on the isolated perfused cat s COTt, but its activity on the salivary gland and the blood pressure of the. IS greater than that of atropine, while its action on smooth muscle... 

Eiweiss-bedarf, m. albumin requirement protein requirement, -driise, /. salivary gland, eiweiss-formig, a. albuminous, -hsltig, a. containing albumin (or albumen), albuminous containing protein. 

Speicheldruse,/. salivary gland, speichelecht, a. fast to saliva. 

MMP-28 Epilysin Secreted Discovered in 2001, given its name due to have been discovered in human keratinocytes. Highly expressed in lung, placenta, salivary glands, heart, uterus, skin... 

The bumetanide-sensitive Na+, K+, 2CF cotransporter (NKCC) mediates the electroneutral uptake of chloride across epithelial cell membranes and is found in both absorptive and secretory epithelia (airways, salivary gland). NKCC exists in two isoforms, the secretory isoform NKCC1, and the absorptive isoform NKCC. 

Salivary glands Thickened secretions a Copious, watery secretions... 

Rash, swelling of salivary glands, "iodism (metallic taste, burning mouth and throat, sore teeth and gums, symptoms of a head cold, diarrhea, nausea), allergic reactions (fever, joint pains, swelling of parts of face and body)... 

Ashbumer, M. (1970). Pattern of puffing activity in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila. V. Response to environmental treatments. Chromosoma 31, 356-376. 

Figure 36-4. Illustration of the tight correlation between the presence of RNA polymerase II and RNA synthesis. A number of genes are activated when Chirono-mus tentans larvae are subjected to heat shock (39 °C for 30 minutes). A Distribution of RNA polymerase II (also called type B) in isolated chromosome IV from the salivary gland (at arrows). The enzyme was detected by immunofluorescence using an antibody directed against the polymerase. The 5C and BR3 are specific bands of chromosome IV, and the arrows indicate puffs. B Autoradiogram of a chromosome IV that was incubated in H-uridine to label the RNA. Note the correspondence of the immunofluorescence and presence of the radioactive RNA (black dots). Bar = 7 pm. (Reproduced, with permission, from Sass H RNA polymerase B in polytene chromosomes. Cell 1982 28 274. Copyright 1982 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.)...

The genes encoding the polypeptide backbones of a number of mucins derived from various tissues (eg, pancreas, small intestine, trachea and bronchi, stomach, and salivary glands) have been cloned and sequenced. These studies have revealed new information about the polypeptide backbones of mucins (size of tandem repeats, potential sites of N-glycosylation, etc) and ultimately should reveal aspects of their genetic control. Some important properties of mucins are summarized in Table 47-8. 

In the order Buccinidae (whelks) the salivary glands contain large amounts of tetramine and other small molecular weight substances such as choline esters. However, there is little evidence for their use as toxins according to zoological observations (22). 

The cephalopods often secrete venom from their posterior salivary glands and hence secretion of venom probably forms part of the process of digestion. Cephalopods include species, such as octopi, capable of injecting various venoms including simple amines such as tetramine. On the other hand, maculotoxin isolated from the octopus H. maculosa was eventually determined to be tetrodotoxin 24 ). 

Paramyxoviruses Mumps virus Enveloped particles variable in size, 110-170nm in diameter, with helical capsids Infection in children produces characteristic swelling of parotid and submaxillary salivary glands. The disease can have neurological complications, e.g. meningitis, especially in adults... 

The release of some peptides may differ from that of other transmitters, depending on the firing rate of the neurons. The large vesicles needed to store a peptide may need a greater rate of depolarisation for membrane fusion and release of the contents. In the salivary gland the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide requires high-frequency stimulation whereas acetylcholine is released by all stimuli. Due to the complexities and problems of access to CNS synapses it is not known if the same occurs here but there is no reason why this should not. In sensory C-fibres a prolonged stimulus appears to be a prerequisite for the release of substance P. 

Mouse i.p. Lung (Adenoma, Adeno carcinoma) Salivary glands ( ) 29,47,48 29... 

Marchese S., Pes D., Scaloni A., Carbone V. and Pelosi P. (1998). Lipocalins of boar salivary glands binding odours and pheromones. Europ J Biochem 252, 563-568. 

Marchlewska-Koj A., Pochron E. and Slilwowska, A. (1990). Salivary glands and preputial glands of mice as a source of estrus-stimulating pheromone in female mice. J Chem Ecol 16, 2817-2822. 

Schmale H., Holtgreve-Grez H. and Christiansen H. (1990). Possible role for salivary gland protein in taste reception indicated by homology to lipophillic-ligand carrier proteins. Nature 343, 366-369. 

Malinconico, S. M., Katz, J. B., and Budzynski, A. Z., Hementin anticoagulant protease from the salivary gland of the leech Haementeria ghilianii, ]. Lab. Clin. 

The prototype of this class is hirudin, which was originally isolated from the salivary glands of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis. Hirudin itself is not commercially available, but recombinant technology has permitted production of hirudin derivatives, namely lepirudin and desirudin.29,38,41 Lepirudin has a short half-life of approximately 40 minutes after IV administration and 120 minutes when given SC. Elimination of lepirudin is primarily renal therefore, doses must be adjusted based on the patient s renal function. The dose should be monitored and adjusted to achieve an aPTT ratio of 1.5 to 2.5 times the baseline measurement. Lepirudin is currently approved for use in patients with HIT and related thrombosis. Up to 40% of patients treated with lepirudin will develop antibodies to the drug.29,38,41... 

Abnormally high concentrations of sodium and chloride are found in sweat due to impaired reabsorption within the sweat duct from loss of CFTR channels. Patients are usually asymptomatic (other than a characteristic salty taste to the skin).2 In rare instances such as hot weather or excessive sweating during physical activity, patients may become dehydrated and experience symptoms of hyponatremia (nausea, headache, lethargy, and confusion). Similar CFTR defects are also seen in the salivary glands, manifested by increased saliva viscosity and impaired salivary function. 

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