Rutherfordium elements

Czerwinski, K. R. Studies of Fundamental Properties of Rutherfordium (Element 104) Using Organic Complexing Agents , Doctoral Thesis, LBL Berkeley, 1992. 

Einsteinium is a member of the actinoid family. The actinoid elements are found in Row 7 of the periodic table, a chart that shows how chemical elements are related to each other. The actinoids fall between radium (element number 88) and rutherfordium (element number 104). They are usually listed in a separate row at the very bottom of the periodic table. 

Rutherfordium, element 104, was first synthesized in hot-fusion reactions by research groups in Dubna (Russia) and Berkeley (USA). Early work in Dubna in which a spontaneous fission activity was assigned to °Rf [137-140] could not be reproduced by others. Later chemical experiments involving the formation of Rf in the Pu( Ne,jcn) reaction and the detection of a non-isotope-specific spontaneous fission activity in the chemical form of a volatile chloride demonstrated the fundamental change in chemical properties occurring beyond the end of the actinide series [141, 142]. The decay of Rf was eventually determined to be spontaneous fission with a half-life of 21 ms, produced in the reactions... 

B., Lane, M.R., Sylwester, E.R., Keeney, D.A., Hendricks, M., Hoffman, D.C., Bilewicz, A. Chemical studies of rutherfordium (element 104).3. Solvent extraction into triisooctylamine from HF solutions. Radiochim. Acta 75, 135-139 (19%)... 

Kadkhodayan, B. On-line gas chromatographic studies of Rutherfordium (element 104), Hahnium (element 105), and Homologs. In Report EBE-33961, p. 150. Eawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley (1993)... 

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